The Association between Spousal Gender Based Violence and Women’s Empowerment among Currently Married Women aged 15-49 in Zimba- bwe: Evidence from the 2010-11 Zimbabwe Demographic and Health Survey
“…Although few questions in DHS are related to empowerment, various indicators are based on DHS data. 4 , 5 , 6 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 Principal component analysis was used in some of these indicators. 4 , 18 , 19 However, all these measures were proposed to assess women's empowerment in specific contexts and include many items that are not available in all surveys.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“… 12 There is consensus that empowerment is multidimensional and is expressed at multiple levels, but less agreement on which dimensions and levels matter more. Some indices have been proposed for low-income and middle-income countries using the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS), 4 , 5 , 6 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 which have included an empowerment module since 1999. 3 These indices are essentially based on the DHS empowerment module, which includes questions on the woman's involvement in household decisions; employment and type of earnings; control over resources; opinion on wife-beating; and personal ownership of a house or land.…”
SummaryBackgroundThe Sustainable Development Goals strongly focus on equity. Goal 5 explicitly aims to empower all women and girls, reinforcing the need to have a reliable indicator to track progress. Our objective was to develop a novel women's empowerment indicator from widely available data sources, broadening opportunities for monitoring and research on women's empowerment.MethodsWe used Demographic and Health Survey data from 34 African countries, targeting currently partnered women. We identified items related to women's empowerment present in most surveys, and used principal component analysis to extract the components. We carried out a convergent validation process using coverage of three health interventions as outcomes; and an external validation process by analysing correlations with the Gender Development Index.Findings15 items related to women's empowerment were selected. We retained three components (50% of total variation) which, after rotation, were identified as three dimensions of empowerment: attitude to violence, social independence, and decision making. All dimensions had moderate to high correlation with the Gender Development Index. Social independence was associated with higher coverage of maternal and child interventions; attitude to violence and decision making were more consistently associated with the use of modern contraception.InterpretationThe index, named Survey-based Women's emPowERment index (SWPER), has potential to widen the research on women's empowerment and to give a better estimate of its effect on health interventions and outcomes. It allows within-country and between-country comparison, as well as time trend analysis, which no other survey-based index provides.FundingBill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
“…Although few questions in DHS are related to empowerment, various indicators are based on DHS data. 4 , 5 , 6 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 Principal component analysis was used in some of these indicators. 4 , 18 , 19 However, all these measures were proposed to assess women's empowerment in specific contexts and include many items that are not available in all surveys.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“… 12 There is consensus that empowerment is multidimensional and is expressed at multiple levels, but less agreement on which dimensions and levels matter more. Some indices have been proposed for low-income and middle-income countries using the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS), 4 , 5 , 6 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 which have included an empowerment module since 1999. 3 These indices are essentially based on the DHS empowerment module, which includes questions on the woman's involvement in household decisions; employment and type of earnings; control over resources; opinion on wife-beating; and personal ownership of a house or land.…”
SummaryBackgroundThe Sustainable Development Goals strongly focus on equity. Goal 5 explicitly aims to empower all women and girls, reinforcing the need to have a reliable indicator to track progress. Our objective was to develop a novel women's empowerment indicator from widely available data sources, broadening opportunities for monitoring and research on women's empowerment.MethodsWe used Demographic and Health Survey data from 34 African countries, targeting currently partnered women. We identified items related to women's empowerment present in most surveys, and used principal component analysis to extract the components. We carried out a convergent validation process using coverage of three health interventions as outcomes; and an external validation process by analysing correlations with the Gender Development Index.Findings15 items related to women's empowerment were selected. We retained three components (50% of total variation) which, after rotation, were identified as three dimensions of empowerment: attitude to violence, social independence, and decision making. All dimensions had moderate to high correlation with the Gender Development Index. Social independence was associated with higher coverage of maternal and child interventions; attitude to violence and decision making were more consistently associated with the use of modern contraception.InterpretationThe index, named Survey-based Women's emPowERment index (SWPER), has potential to widen the research on women's empowerment and to give a better estimate of its effect on health interventions and outcomes. It allows within-country and between-country comparison, as well as time trend analysis, which no other survey-based index provides.FundingBill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
“…This is particularly important in the context of low-income country research, since the initial ecological framework drew heavily on studies from high-income countries, due to the availability of research when it was developed. It has since been validated by studies in low-income contexts (Go et al, 2003; Kyegombe et al, 2014; Paul, 2016; Wekwete, Sanhokwe, Murenjekwa, Takavarasha, & Madzingira, 2014), demonstrating its continued relevance.Fig. 1 Ecological framework.…”
Introduction
A vast body of evidence identifies intimate partner violence (IPV) as a public health and human rights issue with detrimental health consequences. The exploration of household decision-making, as an indicator of women's empowerment, and its association with IPV has so far yielded mixed results, mostly due to measurement issues. Given the sizeable investment in women's empowerment initiatives, and their potential to improve women's health, it is important to elucidate the relationship between household decision-making and IPV.
Methods
We conducted a secondary analysis of the 2011 Uganda Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) data to explore the relationship between women's household decision-making and experience of physical IPV. The dependent variable in our analysis was past year physical violence and it was constructed using men's reported perpetration of partner violence (men's questionnaire). Six independent variables were included – one each for men and women's perspectives on who usually makes decisions about the following domains: 1) how money earned is spent, 2) health care, and 3) large household purchases. We ran a probit model, controlling for variables featured in our theoretical framework.
Results
The association between household decision-making and women's likelihood of experiencing IPV depended on the decision-making domain and on who reported it. Women's reporting on decision-making did not predict their experience of IPV, whereas men's reporting on two decision-making domains (large household purchases and expenditure of husband's earnings) predicted likelihood of women experiencing IPV. Joint decision-making and women's decisions alone in both of these domains were associated with a lower probability of IPV compared to husband's making the decisions alone, where husband's reported decision-making.
Conclusion
This study demonstrates that men's views on coupled dynamics should be included in program design and evaluation to provide a more holistic picture of the ecological framework and risk and protective factors of IPV.
“…Researchers have shown how women's empowerment decreases likelihood of IPV 17 , However, this research seeks to examine the impact of partners' traits and acts of violence on women's HIV status. We argue that abusive and controlling behaviors increase the likelihood that women will test positive for HIV.…”
This study examines the connection between intimate partner violence (IPV) and Human Immunodeficiency Virus status among married and cohabitating women in Zimbabwe using an African feminist framework. Stata 13.0 was used to analyze data from the 2010-2011 Zimbabwe Demographic and Health Survey, which used a national probability sample of households in the country of Zimbabwe. This study used logistic regression to analyze the 2,830 ever-married or cohabitating women who also answered the violence and spousal traits questionnaire as well as provided blood samples.
RésuméCette étude examine le lien entre la violence conjugale (VPI) et le statut VIH chez les femmes zimbabwéennes mariées et les femmes qui vivent maritalement en utilisant un cadre féministe africain. Stata 13.0 a été utilisé pour analyser les données de l'enquête démographique et de santé du Zimbabwe 2010-2011, qui a utilisé un échantillon aléatoire national de ménages dans le pays du Zimbabwe. Cette étude a utilisé la régression logistique pour analyser les 2 830 femmes déjà mariées ou qui vivent maritalement ont également répondu au questionnaire sur la violence et les traits conjugaux, ainsi que des échantillons de sang. La régression logistique a révélé que les femmes qui avaient subi de la violence (odds ratio = 1,29, IC [1,00, 1,67]) ou des fractures (odds ratio = 2,39, IC [1,19,4,77]) étaient plus susceptibles d'être séropositives; tandis que ceux avec des contusions (odds ratio = -.64 CI [.41, .99]) étaient moins susceptibles. Les femmes avec des partenaires qui sont des suiveurs (odds ratio = 1,28, IC [1,04, 1,59]) étaient plus susceptibles d'être séropositifs. La culture patriarcale et hypermasculiste, démontrée par la violence, contribue à la probabilité du VIH chez les femmes et les partenaires. Un changement culturel au plus haut niveau sera nécessaire pour prévenir le VPI et réduire la propagation du VIH. (Afr J Reprod Health 2017; 21[4]: 45-54).
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