The Association between Time Spent Outdoors and Myopia in Children and Adolescents

Sherwin, Justin C; Reacher, Mark; Keogh, Ruth H.; Khawaja, Anthony P.; Mackey, David A.; Foster, Paul J.

doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2012.04.020

Cited by 383 publications

(349 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…While these data provide a reference point, they do not provide normative data on axial length increase during childhood. This is due to numerous variables that may contribute to refractive and axial length changes including age of myopia onset [27,31], ethnicity [31][32][33][34][35][36], hours of near work [37], hours of time spent outdoors [38], mode of refractive correction [20,24,39] and parental history of myopia [40]. …”

Section: Axial Length Changes With Other Modes Of Correctionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Axial Length in Orthokeratology Patients: Large Case Series

Lipson¹

2016

AOVS

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Purpose: To evaluate axial length measurements obtained over a three-year period in children undergoing Orthokeratology (Ortho-K).Methods: Patient records were identified from a specialty contact lens practice. Data were obtained from myopic patients who were prescribed Ortho-K wear. Demographic data at baseline included age at commencement of Ortho-K and ethnicity. Clinical data recorded at baseline and at years 1, 2 and 3 included subjective refraction, corneal topography, corneal curvature, axial length, pupil size, and lens design, changes in lens parameters, lens wear habits, wearing time and unaided visual acuity. The primary outcome measure was change in axial length during the study period.Results: 194 eyes of 97 subjects were included in data analysis. Mean age at start of Ortho-K was 10.4 years (SD=1.9). Mean axial length was 24.59 mm (SD=0.85) at baseline and 24.87 mm (SD=0.87) at the three year evaluation, for a mean change in axial length of 0.28 mm (SD=0.64). 65.5% of eyes (n=127) showed little or no change (<0.5 mm) in axial length during the study period. 20.1% of eyes (n=39) showed moderate increase in axial length of 0.5-1.0 mm and14.4% of eyes (n=28) showed >1.0 mm increase in axial length during the 3-year study period. Linear mixed regression analysis showed a significant association between older age at initiation of Ortho-K and less increase in axial length (p=0.0077). Axial length changes were not associated with duration of wear (both hours/night and nights/week) or baseline corneal curvature. Conclusion:Use of Ortho-K may help reduce axial length elongation in myopic eyes. Age of the initial treatment is a key factor. The baseline of cornea curvature and duration of the wear are not directly associated with treatment outcome. Of note, during the three-year study, 65.5% of treated eyes (n=127) showed a minimal or clinically insignificant increase of axial length (<0.5mm). Early treatment should be considered.

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Section: Axial Length Changes With Other Modes Of Correctionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Axial Length in Orthokeratology Patients: Large Case Series

Lipson¹

2016

AOVS

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“…In a review and meta-analysis by Sherwin et al, 43 the authors concluded that increasing the time spent outdoors may be a simple strategy by which to reduce the risk of developing myopia and its progression in adolescents and children.…”

Section: Physical Activities and Outdoor Activitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic and environmental effects on myopia development and progression

Goldschmidt¹,

Jacobsen

2013

Eye

124

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“…TSO is often considered a potential surrogate measure of children's physical activity (Burdette et al, 2004) and can be critical for achieving the minimum of 60 minutes of moderateto-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) daily for youth, recommended by the World Health Organization (2010). Beyond physical activity, increased TSO is also reported as a strategy to reduce the risk of developing myopia in children and adolescents (He et al, 2015;Rose et al, 2008;Sherwin et al, 2012). Several studies expressed concern about the decrease of children's TSO in developed countries (Cleland et al, 2010;Gray, 2011;Hofferth, 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%