The association of cigarette smoking with alveolar bone loss in postmenopausal females

Payne, Jeffrey B.; Reinhardt, Richard; Nummikoski, Pirkka V.; Dunning, David G.; Patil, Kashinath D.

doi:10.1034/j.1600-051x.2000.027009658.x

Cited by 70 publications

(55 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Results are currently available from a limited number of cohort studies where smokers and nonsmokers have been compared with reference to the prevalence or severity of periodontal disease. [20][21][22]36,40,41,[43][44][45]49,50 All of these unanimously indicate that periodontal disease more frequently affects and is more severe in smokers than in non-smokers. Intriguingly, studies including former smokers who have given up smoking in the past conclude that former smokers are less frequently affected than smokers or that they exhibit less severe disease.…”

Section: Smoking and Periodontal Inflammationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tobacco smoking and chronic destructive periodontal disease

2004

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Tobacco smoking is the main risk factor associated with chronic destructive periodontal disease. No other known factor can match the strength of smoking in causing harm to the periodontium. The harmful effects manifest themselves by interfering with vascular and immunologic reactions, as well as by undermining the supportive functions of the periodontal tissues. The typical characteristic of smoking-associated periodontal disease is the destruction of the supporting tissues of the teeth, with the ensuing clinical symptoms of bone loss, attachment loss, pocket formation, and eventually tooth loss. A review of the international literature that has accumulated over the past 20 years offers convincing evidence that smokers exhibit greater bone loss and attachment loss, as well as more pronounced frequencies of periodontal pockets, than non-smokers do. In addition, tooth loss is more extensive in smokers. Smoking, thus, considerably increases the risk for destructive periodontal disease. Depending on the definition of disease and the exposure to smoking, the risk is 5- to 20-fold elevated for a smoker compared to a never-smoker. For a smoker exposed to heavy long-life smoking, the risk of attracting destructive periodontal disease is equivalent to that of attracting lung cancer. The outcome of periodontal treatment is less favorable or even unfavorable in smokers. Although long-term studies are rare, available studies unanimously agree that treatment failures and relapse of disease are predominantly seen in smokers. This contention is valid irrespective of treatment modality, suggesting that smoking will interfere with an expected normal outcome following commonplace periodontal therapies. The majority of available studies agree that the subgingival microflora of smokers and non-smokers are no different given other conditions. As a consequence, the elevated morbidity in smokers does not depend on particular microflora. The mechanisms behind the destructive effects of smoking on the periodontal tissues, however, are not well understood. It has been speculated that interference with vascular and inflammatory phenomena may be one potential mechanism. Nicotine and carbon monoxide in tobacco smoke negatively influence wound healing. Smoking research over the past two decades has brought new knowledge into the domains of periodontology. Even more so, it has called into question the prevailing paradigm that the disease is primarily related to intraoral factors such as supra- and subgingival infection. Smoking research has revealed that environmental and lifestyle factors are involved in the onset and progression of the disease. Being the result of smoking, destructive periodontal disease shares a common feature with some 40 other diseases or disorders. As a consequence, periodontal disease should be regarded as a systemic disease in the same way as heart disease or lung disease. Thus, chronic destructive periodontal disease in smokers is initiated and driven by smoking. Its progression may or may not be amplified by unavoida...

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Section: Smoking and Periodontal Inflammationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tobacco smoking and chronic destructive periodontal disease

2004

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“…9 The relationship between periodontal tissue BMD, which is an index of the state of periodontal disease, and systemic BMD has also been reported by many researchers. 6,[10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19] The indices used for these evaluations included the probing depth (PD), loss of attachment (LA), and bleeding on probing (BOP). Therefore, it was hypothesized that systemic BMD was involved in periodontal disease.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association between periodontitis and systemic bone mineral density in Japanese community-dwelling postmenopausal women

Takahashi

Yoshihara

Nakamura

et al. 2012

Journal of Dentistry

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“…Radiographic assessment of periodontal bone height or bone loss is a reliable means of studying the periodontal health condition that has been used as a surrogate endpoint in some previous longitudinal studies on the relationship between smoking and periodontal disease (Feldman et al 1987, Bolin et al 1993, Machtei et al 1997, Krall et al 1999, Payne et al 2000. These studies, although rather heterogeneous by design and length of follow-up term, indicate that smoking is associated with excess bone loss.…”

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confidence: 99%

Influence of tobacco smoking on periodontal bone height. Long‐term observations and a hypothesis

Bergström

2004

J Clinic Periodontology

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The association of cigarette smoking with alveolar bone loss in postmenopausal females

Abstract: Postmenopausal female smokers were more likely to lose alveolar bone height and density than non-smokers with a similar periodontitis, plaque and gingival bleeding experience. In addition, both smoking and osteoporosis/osteopenia provided a negative influence on alveolar bone.

Cited by 70 publications

References 21 publications

Tobacco smoking and chronic destructive periodontal disease

Tobacco smoking and chronic destructive periodontal disease

Association between periodontitis and systemic bone mineral density in Japanese community-dwelling postmenopausal women

Influence of tobacco smoking on periodontal bone height. Long‐term observations and a hypothesis

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