The association of different presentations of maternal depression with children’s socio-emotional development: A systematic review

Abstract

Maternal depression from the perinatal period onwards is a global health priority associated with an increased likelihood of suboptimal socio-developmental outcomes in offspring. An important aspect of this association is the extent to which sustained maternal depression impacts on these outcomes. The current review synthesised the evidence on maternal depression from the perinatal period onwards and offspring internalising, externalising, and social competence outcomes. We also identified sources of methodological bias. A systematic review following PRISMA guidelines was conducted. Longitudinal studies targeting biological mothers with depressive symptomology, detailing onset, using repeated validated measures, and assessing children’s outcomes between three and 12 years were included. Twenty-four studies met inclusion criteria. Findings supported the validity of different presentations of maternal depression, including consistent identification of a group of chronically depressed mothers across countries. Mothers within this group reported poorer internalising, externalising, and social competence outcomes for their offspring, with the highest levels of child problems associated with greater maternal chronicity and symptom severity. Results differed by measurement type with mothers rating poorer outcomes in comparison to teachers reports. For timing of depression, evidence was inconsistent for independent effects of antenatal or postnatal depression on child outcomes. There was substantial variability in study quality assessment. Assessing different presentations of maternal depression is essential for capturing the longitudinal associations between maternal depression and offspring outcomes to inform targets of early intervention. Chronicity, severity, and concurrent maternal depression have important implications for children’s development and should be targeted in future programme planning. Further research in low- and middle-income countries is warranted.

Evaluating the impact of the Mellow Babies group-based parenting programme for supporting at-risk mothers in Tajikistan

“…Further, demographic data indicated a broad range of markers indicative of increased vulnerability within the sample including high levels of unemployment, child disability and education ending at secondary school level. Our demographic data also suggested that vulnerability and risk in mother-infant dyads may be nested within demographic vulnerabilities, consistent with the observation that maternal mental health chronicity emerges within the context of social determinants (6). For instance, those participants who were not currently married showed higher levels of mental health symptoms post-intervention.…”

“…Maternal depression occurs in around 13–15% of women(5), and chronicity in maternal depression across more than one timepoints is associated with an elevated risk of multiple suboptimal developmental outcomes in children, including elevated rates of externalizing and internalizing problems, poorer achievement of overall developmental milestones in childhood(6). Persistent maternal depression in the first 12-months postpartum has long-range effects on behavioural, social, emotional and educational outcomes such as educational attainment at 16years of age (4, 7, 8).…”

Are social determinants associated with depression among married women of reproductive age? A mixed methods study from urban slums of Islamabad, Pakistan

“…Maternal depression has shown serious implications on children’s development and hence should be targeted in future programme planning [ 25 ]. This calls for an appropriate support and intervention for individuals coping with such experiences.…”