The Association of Digit Ratio (2D : 4D) with Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Bunevičius, Adomas

doi:10.1155/2018/7698193

Cited by 38 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…Compared with some single molecular markers, metabolic diagnostic markers are more comprehensive and accurate. [20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33] Metabolomics plays an important role in the screening of tumour biomarkers. A large number of studies have found potential biomarkers of gastric cancer, colorectal cancer, oesophageal cancer, liver cancer, ovarian cancer and other malignant tumours in blood, urine, tissue and other samples through metabolomics.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

<p>Discovering Biomarkers in Peritoneal Metastasis of Gastric Cancer by Metabolomics</p>

Pan¹,

Ma²,

Suo³

et al. 2020

OTT

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Background and Objective: Metabolomics has recently been applied in the field of oncology. In this study, we aimed to use metabolomics to explore biomarkers in peritoneal metastasis of gastric cancer. Methods: Peritoneal lavage fluid (PLF) of 65 gastric cancer patients and related clinical data were collected from the First Hospital of Jilin University. The metabolic components were identified by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Total ion current (TIC) spectra, principal component analysis (PCA), and the Student's t-test were used to identify differential metabolites in PLF. A support vector machine (SVM) was used to screen the differential metabolites in PLF with a weight of 100%. Cluster analysis was used to evaluate the similarity between samples. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to assess the diagnostic ability of the metabolites. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to identify potential risk factors for peritoneal metastasis of gastric cancer. Results: We found the differential levels of PLF metabolites by LC-MS, TIC spectra, PCA and the t-test. Cluster analysis showed the co-occurrence of metabolites in the peritoneal metastasis group (p<0.05). ROC analysis showed the diagnostic ability of metabolites (p<0.05). Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses showed the potential independent risk factors for peritoneal metastasis in gastric cancer patients (p<0.05). Conclusion: Through the statistical analysis of metabolomics, we found that TG (54:2

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

<p>Discovering Biomarkers in Peritoneal Metastasis of Gastric Cancer by Metabolomics</p>

Pan¹,

Ma²,

Suo³

et al. 2020

OTT

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“…Low 2D:4D may be associated with prostate cancer and brain tumours and high 2D:4D with risk of breast cancer, younger age of presentation of breast cancer, cervical dysplasia and brain tumours. There was no evidence that testicular cancer, gastric cancer, and oral cancer were associated with 2D:4D 33,40 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…Low 2D:4D was associated with prostate cancer, gastric cancer, and brain tumours risk, while high 2D:4D, with breast cancer and cervical dysplasia. Additionally, higher 2D:4D is associated with breast cancer risk and with younger age of breast cancer and brain tumour diagnosis 33,34 .…”

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confidence: 99%

Digit ratio (2D:4D) in women and men with lung cancer

Kasielska‐Trojan

Manning

Antczak

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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A prenatal sex steroid environment of high prenatal testosterone and low prenatal oestrogen inhibits lung development and may predispose individuals to be vulnerable to lung disease in later life. Therefore, the aim of this report was to investigate whether there is an association between right and left 2D:4D (biomarker of prenatal sex steroids exposure) and primary lung cancer in women and men. Also, we considered the relationship between right-left 2D:4D (Δ2D:4D, a negative correlate of high prenatal testosterone and low prenatal oestrogen) and the age of lung cancer diagnosis. The study included 109 patients (61 men) with lung cancer and 197 controls (78 men). In the study we found that: (i) women with lung cancer have lower 2D:4D compared to controls (the effect was independent of smoking), (ii) among women with cancer, age at diagnosis was positively related to 2D:4D, i.e. women with masculinized 2D:4D present earlier with the cancer than women with feminized 2D:4D, (iii) among men with lung cancer, those with the most aggressive form (small-cell lung cancer) had masculinized (low) Δ2D:4D compared to those with the less aggressive form (non-small cell lung cancer). The data suggests that masculinized right 2D:4D and Δ2D:4D are associated with a predisposition to lung cancer and/or the more aggressive forms of lung cancer. Among both women and men, lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death and in most nations, it is the most frequent neoplasm among men 1,2. The incidence of lung cancer is both age-and sex-dependent. With regard to age, rates are low in people younger than 40 years but with increases up to the age of 75-80 years. However, with regard to sex, lung cancer rates have tended to show a decline in men but an increase among women. An important causal factor in these patterns is smoking practices 3-5. The comparisons between those that smoke and never-smokers regularly show 20 to 50-fold increases in risk for the former. Moreover, duration of smoking is a strong correlate of lung cancer risk 6 and sex dependent changes in mortality reflects changes in rates of smoking among age-cohorts of women and men 7,8. However, there are risk factors other than smoking and these include various single nucleotide polymorphisms, family history, diet, alcohol, chronic lung diseases, occupational factors, air pollution and hormonal factors 9-13. With regard to hormonal factors, postnatal effects of endogenous sex steroids may have an influence on lung cancer risk. Receptors for oestrogen and progesterone are expressed in lung cells, of both normal and lung cancer lines. Oestradiol causes proliferation of lung cancer cells as do combinations of oestrogen and progesterone. The latter combination facilitates secretion of vascular endothelial growth factors and increases numbers of progenitor tumour cells 14,15. Local production of oestrogens in the lung, either by lung cells or by infiltrating macrophages and other inflammatory cells, may be a significant source of oestrogen that could drive the tumour process, i...

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“…A meta-analysis reported that a low 2D : 4D ratio is associated with prostate cancer and brain tumors and a high 2D : 4D ratio is associated with breast cancer and cervical dysplasia. Moreover, it was noted that the high 2D : 4D ratio is associated with breast cancer and brain tumors being present at young age [2]. Doe et al found that the 2D : 4D ratio was lower in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus than healthy controls and this result supported the exposure to high prenatal testosterone and low estrogen in SLE patients [15].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a chronic inflammatory disease and affects the axial skeleton leading to structural damage and functional limitation [1]. The ratio of the index finger (2D) length to the ring finger (4D) length (2D : 4D ratio) is considered a biomarker of prenatal sex hormone exposure [2]. The ratio of second and fourth digit lengths are highly influenced by the ratio of prenatal androgen to estrogen levels [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Can the Second to Fourth Digit Ratio (2D : 4D) Be a Marker to Determine Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity?

et al. 2019

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Objective. The length ratio of the index finger (2D) to the ring finger (4D) (2D : 4D ratio) is considered a biomarker of prenatal sex hormone exposure. The 2D : 4D ratio is influenced by prenatal androgen and estrogen levels. Because ankylosing spondylitis (AS) influences men more frequently and severely than women, androgens are proposed to be related to AS pathogenesis. Estrogens have immune-modulating effects and reduce AS disease activity. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between 2D : 4D ratio and AS disease activity. Material and Methods. In this study, 167 (43 female) patients diagnosed with AS were studied. The lengths of the second and fourth fingers were measured using a digital caliper. The 2D : 4D ratio was found by dividing the length of the second finger by the length of the fourth finger. AS disease activity was assessed with the Turkish version of the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (BASDAI). AS functional status was assessed with Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index (BASFI). L-Schober, tragus to wall distance, finger to floor distance, and chest expansion were used to evaluate mobility. Results. In female patients, the right hand 2D : 4D ratios were higher than those in male patients. Biologic drug use was more frequent in males. The BASDAI scores were higher in female patients than in male patients. There were significant negative correlations between right and left hand 2D : 4D ratio and BASFI and BASDAI in female patients. There was no significant correlation between the 2D : 4D ratio and BASFI or BASDAI in male patients. We found a positive correlation between L-Schober and right hand 2D : 4D and a negative correlation between the left hand 2D : 4D ratio and finger to floor distance in female patients with AS. Conclusion. The 2D : 4D ratio of the right and left hand was low in female patients with high BASFI and BASDAI and low spinal mobility (L-Schober) was also linked to low female 2D : 4D. The lack of strong associations between 2D : 4D and AS in male patients may have resulted from their higher use of biologics.

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The Association of Digit Ratio (2D : 4D) with Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Cited by 38 publications

References 42 publications

<p>Discovering Biomarkers in Peritoneal Metastasis of Gastric Cancer by Metabolomics</p>

<p>Discovering Biomarkers in Peritoneal Metastasis of Gastric Cancer by Metabolomics</p>

Digit ratio (2D:4D) in women and men with lung cancer

Can the Second to Fourth Digit Ratio (2D : 4D) Be a Marker to Determine Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity?

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