The association of educational achievement and school dropout with risk of alcoholism: a twenty-five-year prospective study of inner-city children.

Crum, Rosa M.; Ensminger, Margaret E.; Ro, Marguerite; McCord, Joan

doi:10.15288/jsa.1998.59.318

Cited by 82 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…If so, the above-mentioned circumstances of environment and behavior are among the conditions and processes that govern the transition rates. Elsewhere, we have speculated and offered epidemiological evidence that features of the neighborhood and work environment impinge on risk of alcohol and drug use and dependence, in addition to vulnerabilities linked with psychiatric and behavioral disturbances such as mood disorders and antisocial personality disorder, with social status, and with male sex (e.g., see Crum et al 1995Crum et al , 1996Muntaner et al 1995;Petronis and Anthony 2000;Ritter and Anthony 1991;Anthony 1991;Crum et al 1998;Anthony et al 1994). Recent evidence from genetic epidemiology confirms the role of inherited predispositions toward drug-taking and toward drug dependence, once drug use begins, apparently more so for men than for women (e.g., see Pickens et al 1991;Lyons et al 1997;True et al 1999;Tsuang et al 1999;Kendler et al 2000;Xian et al 2000).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

From First Drug Use to Drug Dependence Developmental Periods of Risk for Dependence upon Marijuana, Cocaine, and Alcohol

Wagner

Anthony

2002

Neuropsychopharmacology

642

394

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The focal point of this paper is the transition from drug use to drug dependence. We present new evidence on risk for starting to use marijuana, cocaine, and alcohol, as well as risks for progression from first drug use to the onset of drug dependence, separately for each of these drugs. Data from the National Comorbidity Survey (NCS) were analyzed. The NCS had a representative sample of the United States population ages 15-54 years (n ϭ 8,098In an earlier report of evidence from the National Comorbidity Survey, our research group described some interesting features about the comparative epidemiology of drug dependence. For example, as a summary population average value for the estimated millions of Americans age 15-54 years who had tried cocaine at least one time by the early 1990s, about one in six had become dependent upon cocaine (about 16-17% NO . 4 marijuana at least one time, about one in 11 had become dependent upon it (about 9%). By comparison, among persons who had tried alcoholic beverages at least once, about one in 6 or 7, or 15%, had become alcohol dependent (Anthony et al. 1994). In the present study, we extend this look at the comparative epidemiology of drug dependence, but here our focus is upon estimation of the age-specific and time-specific risks of progression from first drug use to dependence, separately for marijuana, cocaine, and (for comparison) alcoholic beverages (hereinafter, 'alcohol').Prior studies have conveyed estimates of age-specific risk for first alcohol use and alcohol dependence, as well as risk estimates for initiation of illicit use and dependence on controlled drugs in general (e.g., Kandel and Logan 1984;Eaton et al. 1989;Warner et al. 1995;Chen and Kandel 1995;Johnson and Gerstein 1998;Perkonigg et al. 1999;DeWit et al. 2000). The role of early onset of drug use and progression to initial and problematic use of other drugs also has been studied in some detail (e.g., Kandel 1985;Anthony and Petronis 1995;Grant 1998;Grant and Dawson 1998). However, what is especially novel about the present study is its new look at both the cumulative and instantaneous risk of drug dependence in relation to time elapsed since first use of marijuana and cocaine, with alcohol for comparison.Whereas epidemiological studies of this type generally are regarded as valid sources of evidence, it is possible that some critics might call into question the validity or reliability of drug dependence assessments obtained in large-sample survey research as compared with what can be obtained via intensive clinical study of smaller samples (e.g., see Anthony et al. 1985;Brugha et al. 1999). Nonetheless, at least with respect to the drug dependence syndromes, recent empirical research provides evidence that epidemiologic studies can and do provide generally valid and reliable estimates of the occurrence of these conditions, as well as their corresponding ages of onset (e.g., see Prusoff et al. 1988;Langenbucher et al. 1994;Shillington et al. 1995;Wittchen et al. 1989Wittchen et al. , 1998Wittchen et ...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

From First Drug Use to Drug Dependence Developmental Periods of Risk for Dependence upon Marijuana, Cocaine, and Alcohol

Wagner

Anthony

2002

Neuropsychopharmacology

642

394

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“…What is not yet established is whether achievement problems in childhood are related to substance use problems in adulthood. Prior analyses with the study population found that first grade underachievement increased the risk for alcohol use disorders in adulthood (Crum et al, 1998). This study also investigates the impact of family socioeconomic status (SES) in childhood on drug and alcohol problems in adulthood.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We also consider the role of early school achievement, which also has been associated with substance use in both White and Black populations (Crum et al, 1992(Crum et al, , 1998Jessor and Jessor, 1978;Riala et al, 2003;Robins, 1980;Schulenberg et al, 1994). According to Strain Theory, the frustration that accompanies school failure leads an individual to engage in deviant behaviors (Farnsworth and Leiber, 1989;Schulenberg et al, 1994).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…According to Social Control Theory, strong ties to societal institutions such as family, school, or work decrease the likelihood that individuals will engage in deviant behavior (Hirschi, 1969). Several studies have found that low parental supervision and low school bonds increase the risk for adolescent and adult drug and alcohol use (Ensminger et al, 2002;Hawkins et al, 1992;Jessor et al, 1991;Kandel et al, 1986;Li et al, 2000;O'Donnell et al, 1995;Patterson and Dishion, 1988), but, again, only a few studies have examined the relationship between these bonds and later substance use disorders (Crum et al, 1998;Nurco et al, 1996).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Childhood and adolescent antecedents of drug and alcohol problems: A longitudinal study

Fothergill

Ensminger

2006

Drug and Alcohol Dependence

134

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Despite the serious health and economic consequences of drug and alcohol abuse and dependence, few studies have prospectively examined the etiology of this problem in non-clinical populations. This longitudinal study examines childhood and adolescent antecedents of drug and alcohol problems in adulthood among an African American cohort (n = 1242; 51% female) from Woodlawn, a neighborhood in Chicago. The participants were followed from age 6 to 32 years, and data were collected in first grade, adolescence, and adulthood. Structural equation modeling showed that, for both males and females, educational attainment was directly associated with a reduced risk for substance use problems. For males, first grade shyness was directly associated with a reduced risk of substance use problems, and adolescent substance use was directly associated with an increased risk. First grade aggression, low family socioeconomic status (SES), and low school bonds were indirectly associated with substance use problems for both males and females. For males, first grade underachievement had an indirect effect, and, for females, first grade shyness and strong parental supervision had indirect effects. This study is among the first to identify life course trajectories to substance use problems among an African American, community-based population. These results help to identify the targets and timing of interventions that may help to reduce the risk of drug and alcohol problems in adulthood.

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“…The Add Health data stem from a national student population that necessarily excludes dropouts, youth in institutions, and youth who do not attend school. Dropouts are more likely to engage in multiple risk behaviors than students (Crum et al 1998). Some may argue that the pattern of racial and ethnic differences found in this study may be a function of the fact that dropout rates are higher among youth in other groups than among API American youth.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 72%

Testing the Model Minority Stereotype: Youth Behaviors across Racial and Ethnic Groups

Choi

Lahey

2006

Social Service Review

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Using data from a large nationally representative sample of adolescents attending school, this study tests the stereotype that youth of Asian Pacific Islander ethnicity (API) are the model minority. The results suggest that, except for substance use, API American youth do not report fewer delinquent behaviors than white youth; in fact, API American youth report slightly higher numbers of aggressive offenses than white youth, and female API American youth report greater numbers of nonaggressive offenses than white female youth. Also, API American youth report higher rates of nonaggressive offenses and substance use than do black youth. The mental health and social service needs of API American youth are thus at least as great as those of white youth. The need for such services increases with the length of residency in the United States.According to the stereotype, Asian Pacific Islander (API) Americans are the "model minority" (Kitano 1969, 257): they work hard, they behave well, and they succeed. 1 In fact, API Americans are often regarded as "whiter than white" (Sue and Kitano 1973, 87). The stereotype also generally presents API Americans as being self-sufficient, in that they take care of their own problems within the family or the community. However, it is questionable whether the model minority stereotype is accurate. There are few empirical studies comparing API Americans' behaviors with those of other racial and ethnic groups. In those studies that do exist, there is conflicting evidence as to whether API Americans behave better than other racial and ethnic groups.Some studies confirm positive and healthy outcomes among API American youth. A large proportion of these studies focus on academic performance (e.g., Schneider et al. 1994; Rumbaut 1997a). A study conducted in southern California indicates that API American children, most of whom are immigrants, outperform the district norm at every grade level and that schools classify a disproportionate number of API American children as gifted (Rumbaut 1997a). The mass media, too, often portray API American children as academic whizzes. Furthermore, some studies find that API American youth are less likely than their counterparts in other racial and ethnic groups to use substances (Bachman et al. 1991; Price et al. 2002), commit violent juvenile offenses (McNulty and Bellair 2003), or be arrested (Le 2002).© 2006 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved 1 There is no clear consensus in the use of racial and ethnic terms. Studies and researchers often use terms interchangeably. For example, European Americans are often described as white and African Americans as black. In this study, white, black, API American, and Hispanic classifications are derived from survey questionnaire responses; respondents used these terms to identity their racial and ethnic group memberships. Thus, e.g., the term "black" identifies individuals who identify themselves as black or African Americans in the survey. Respondents in this group include nonimmigrants as w...

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The association of educational achievement and school dropout with risk of alcoholism: a twenty-five-year prospective study of inner-city children.

Cited by 82 publications

References 15 publications

From First Drug Use to Drug Dependence Developmental Periods of Risk for Dependence upon Marijuana, Cocaine, and Alcohol

From First Drug Use to Drug Dependence Developmental Periods of Risk for Dependence upon Marijuana, Cocaine, and Alcohol

Childhood and adolescent antecedents of drug and alcohol problems: A longitudinal study

Testing the Model Minority Stereotype: Youth Behaviors across Racial and Ethnic Groups

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