The association of flavored milk consumption with milk and energy intake, and obesity: A systematic review

Patel, Anisha I.; Moghadam, Sepideh Dibay; Freedman, Michael L.; Hazari, Aakash; Fang, Min-Lin; Allen, Isabel Elaine

doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2018.02.031

Cited by 40 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…In summary, our results suggest that the habit of adding sugars to milk and fruit may have a not negligible impact on adiposity indexes, and on adherence to healthy dietary guidelines. Our results are in agreement with the conclusion of the recent systematic review by Patel et al [ 22 ], suggesting that while the consumption of flavoured milk might promote overall milk intake, its potential adverse effects on caloric intake and possibly obesity for children and adolescents need further investigation.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…As a consequence, the evaluation of added sugar intake was focused particularly on SSB, along with sweet snacks as major sources, overlooking the possible effect of the consumption of “healthy” foods to whom sugar is added. Several studies investigated the association of the consumption of ready-to-drink flavoured milk beverages with energy intake and obesity, as recently reviewed by Fayet-Moore [ 21 ] and Patel et al [ 22 ]. To our knowledge, there are no previous studies evaluating the association between the habit of adding sugars to “healthy” foods, such as plain milk and fresh fruit, and indicators of adiposity and/or dietary quality.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Impact of Adding Sugars to Milk and Fruit on Adiposity and Diet Quality in Children: A Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Analysis of the Identification and Prevention of Dietary- and Lifestyle-Induced Health Effects in Children and Infants (IDEFICS) Study

et al. 2018

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Sugar, particularly as free sugars or sugar-sweetened beverages, significantly contributes to total energy intake, and, possibly, to increased body weight. Excessive consumption may be considered as a proxy of poor diet quality. However, no previous studies evaluated the association between the habit of adding sugars to “healthy” foods, such as plain milk and fresh fruit, and indicators of adiposity and/or dietary quality in children. To answer to these research questions, we Panalysed the European cohort of children participating in the IDEFICS study. Anthropometric variables, frequency of consumption of sugars added to milk and fruit (SAMF), and scores of adherence to healthy dietary pattern (HDAS) were assessed at baseline in 9829 children stratified according to age and sex. From this cohort, 6929 children were investigated again after two years follow-up. At baseline, a direct association between SAMF categories and adiposity indexes was observed only in children aged 6–<10 years, while the lower frequency of SAMF consumption was significantly associated with a higher HDAS. At the two year follow-up, children with higher baseline SAMF consumption showed significantly higher increases in all the anthropometric variables measured, with the exception of girls 6–<10 years old. The inverse association between SAMF categories and HDAS was still present at the two years follow-up in all age and sex groups. Our results suggest that the habit to adding sugars to foods that are commonly perceived as healthy may impact the adherence to healthy dietary guidelines and increase in adiposity risk as well.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Impact of Adding Sugars to Milk and Fruit on Adiposity and Diet Quality in Children: A Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Analysis of the Identification and Prevention of Dietary- and Lifestyle-Induced Health Effects in Children and Infants (IDEFICS) Study

et al. 2018

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“…However, there is also support for the view that flavored milk consumers had, in general, a higher intake of total energy, saturated fat, and added sugars daily compared with non‐consumers. This may influence weight management . A randomized controlled trial indicated that the consumption of flavored milk had a beneficial effect on weight management among children who were overweight or obese .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Breakfast consumption and obesity among preadolescents: An epidemiological study

Champilomati

Notara

Prapas

et al. 2020

Pediatrics International

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Background: This study aimed to examine the association between breakfast consumption and childhood weight status, in relation to various socioeconomic and lifestyle factors. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted including 1,728 children aged 10-12 years and their parents, during the school years 2014-2016. Primary schools from five Greek counties (including the Athens metropolitan area) were randomly selected. Parental and child data were collected through self-administered, anonymous questionnaires. Children's weight status was based on gender-and age-specific tables derived from the International Obesity Task Force body mass index cutoffs. Logistic regression was used to determine the association between frequency and type of breakfast consumption and children's weight status. Results: The frequency of breakfast consumption was not associated with childhood overweight or obesity, even when other factors were included in the analysis like sex, age, physical activity, meals / day, family annual income, parental weight status, parental physical activity level, parental educational level and parental employment status. From the nine foods that were included only the consumption of bread or rusks and chocolate milk were found to have a negative association with childhood overweight or obesity (odds ratio: 0.51; 95% CI: 0.34, 0.79 and OR: 0.50; 95% CI: 0.28, 0.87, respectively). Conclusions: The result that frequency of breakfast consumption was not associated with children's overweight / obesity may lead to a deeper investigation of the foods consumed during breakfast. Bread or rusks and chocolate milk seemed to have a protective effect; further nutritional analysis is needed to explore the potential mechanisms of this observation.Key words breakfast consumption, child obesity, child overweight, health promotion, type of breakfast.Childhood obesity is recognized as a major public health problem in our century and has been described as a "global pandemic." 1 Globally, the number of obese boys and girls has increased almost 12 and 10 times, respectively, over the last 40 years. 2 Childhood obesity has been associated with early development of dilation, endothelial, and cardiovascular dysfunction and atherosclerosis. 3 Obesity has also been recognized as a major risk factor for some severe chronic diseases, such as dyslipidemia, hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, polycystic ovary system for girls, and sleep disorders. 4 Moreover, obese children are more likely to develop psychological and psychiatric symptoms and disorders like depression, anxiety, attention-deficit / hyperactivity disorder, lower self-esteem, and eating disorders. 5 Breakfast is considered to be the most important meal of the day because it may have a protective role against chronic diseases and has been considered to increase cognitive and school performance among children and adolescents. 6 Despite the benefits of breakfast consumption, more and more children tend to abstain from this healthy habit. 7 Skipping breakfast has been asso...

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“…Findings from the current study suggest parental disapproval of flavored milk in the school setting. Federal guidelines allow non-fat flavored milk as part of the NSLP, which has been endorsed by the American Academy of Pediatrics [ 61 ] and the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics [ 62 , 63 ] as part of an overall healthy diet. Additionally, a recent systematic review reported that flavored milk increases overall milk intake by 28% [ 64 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“Your Body Feels Better When You Drink Water”: Parent and School-Age Children’s Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Cognitions

et al. 2018

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Sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) are a leading source of added sugar in the American diet. Further, ingestion of added sugars from SSBs exceeds recommendations. Thus, interventions that effectively reduce SSB consumption are needed. Focus group discussions with parents (n = 37) and school-aged children between the ages of 6 and 11 years (n = 41) from Florida, New Jersey, and West Virginia were led by trained moderators using Social Cognitive Theory as a guide. Trends and themes that emerged from the content analysis of the focus group data indicated that both parents and children felt that limiting SSBs was important to health and weight control. However, parents and children reported consuming an average of 1.85 ± 2.38 SD and 2.13 ± 2.52 SD SSB servings/week, respectively. Parents and children were aware that parent behaviors influenced kids, but parents reported modeling healthy SSB behaviors was difficult. Busy schedules, including more frequent parties and events as children get older, were another barrier to limiting SSBs. Parents were most successful at limiting SSBs when they were not in the house. This qualitative research provides novel insights into parents’ and children’s cognitions (e.g., beliefs, attitudes), barriers, and facilitators related to SSB ingestion. Consideration of these insights during nutrition intervention development has the potential to improve intervention effectiveness in reducing SSB intake.

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The association of flavored milk consumption with milk and energy intake, and obesity: A systematic review

Cited by 40 publications

References 29 publications

The Impact of Adding Sugars to Milk and Fruit on Adiposity and Diet Quality in Children: A Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Analysis of the Identification and Prevention of Dietary- and Lifestyle-Induced Health Effects in Children and Infants (IDEFICS) Study

The Impact of Adding Sugars to Milk and Fruit on Adiposity and Diet Quality in Children: A Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Analysis of the Identification and Prevention of Dietary- and Lifestyle-Induced Health Effects in Children and Infants (IDEFICS) Study

Breakfast consumption and obesity among preadolescents: An epidemiological study

“Your Body Feels Better When You Drink Water”: Parent and School-Age Children’s Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Cognitions

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