“…People with a stronger sense of divine control believe that God has decided what their life shall be and depend on God for help and guidance. Although numerous studies have examined the effects of divine control—and related concepts that are both general (God control, involved God, God-mediated control, and locus of God control) and specific (God locus of health control, health God control, and spiritual health locus of control)—on various health-related outcomes (Alyami et al, 2020 ; Holt et al, 2003 ; Krause & Rainville, 2022 ; Krause et al, 2017 ; Upenieks & Schieman, 2021 ; Upenieks et al, 2022 ; Wallston et al, 1999 ; Welton et al, 1996 ), little is known about smoking behavior. In fact, we could find only three relevant studies of smoking behavior (Holt et al, 2015 ; Karvinen & Carr, 2014 ; Kendler et al, 2003 ).…”