2014
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107486
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The Association of Meningococcal Disease with Influenza in the United States, 1989–2009

Abstract: Importance and ObjectivePrior influenza infection is a risk factor for invasive meningococcal disease. Quantifying the fraction of meningococcal disease attributable to influenza could improve understanding of viral-bacterial interaction and indicate additional health benefits to influenza immunization.Design, Setting and ParticipantsA time series analysis of the association of influenza and meningococcal disease using hospitalizations in 9 states from 1989–2009 included in the State Inpatient Databases from t… Show more

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Cited by 47 publications
(38 citation statements)
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“…Outbreaks of meningococcal disease (multiple cases due to the same strain of N. meningitidis in the same "community") account for approximately 2% of cases; in the last 4 years, outbreaks on college campuses have been reported primarily due to serogroup B and in the men having sex with men communities primarily due to serogroup C [40,41]. Data suggest that infection with influenza virus may be a predisposing factor for the development of IMD because seasonal peaks in IMD routinely occurred 2 weeks after peaks in hospitalization for influenza [42]. This suggests that increased use of influenza vaccines in the United States may also impact IMD incidence.…”
Section: United Statesmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Outbreaks of meningococcal disease (multiple cases due to the same strain of N. meningitidis in the same "community") account for approximately 2% of cases; in the last 4 years, outbreaks on college campuses have been reported primarily due to serogroup B and in the men having sex with men communities primarily due to serogroup C [40,41]. Data suggest that infection with influenza virus may be a predisposing factor for the development of IMD because seasonal peaks in IMD routinely occurred 2 weeks after peaks in hospitalization for influenza [42]. This suggests that increased use of influenza vaccines in the United States may also impact IMD incidence.…”
Section: United Statesmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…11 Some influenzarelated bacterial species include Streptococcus pyogenes, Neisseria meningitidis, Moraxella catarrhalis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Staphylococcus aureus. [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18] The mechanisms of severe complications caused by influenza-bacterial co-infections mainly include a lack of effective immune response as well as pathogenic synergy. 5 Although multiple microbial agents can cause acute lower respiratory tract infections, in most cases, the disease is caused by viruses and bacteria at the same time.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…New births, immigration, waning immunity of those who were previously infected, or evolution of the pathogen to escape existing immunity may replenish the pool of susceptible hosts, setting up conditions for another epidemic. Sustained occurrence of repeated, periodic epidemics [1] is also driven by seasonal variation in transmission opportunities that are affected by seasonal aggregation of children in schools [2,3], seasonal variation in pathogen survival [4] and/or host susceptibility [5,6], coinfections [7,8], vector abundance [9], or other factors.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%