The association of smoking with clinical indicators of altered sex steroids — A study of 50,145 women

Aj, Hartz; Kelber, Sheryl T.; Borkowf, Harold I.

doi:10.1016/0378-5122(88)90148-x

Cited by 7 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…122 Some studies have shown a dose–response effect on atrophy of ovarian follicles, in that heavy smokers have an earlier natural menopause than light smokers. 61,67,69,123,124 Former smokers have only a slightly earlier age at natural menopause than those who never smoked, and increased time since quitting diminishes the difference. 123,125 The latter observation of only a slightly earlier natural menopause in former smokers is inconsistent with the presumed toxic effect of smoking on ovarian follicles, resulting in their atrophy and thus earlier menopause, because such an effect should be nonreversible so that former smokers would also experience the earlier natural menopause observed in current smokers.…”

Section: Summary Of Underlying Physiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

The Timing of the Age at Which Natural Menopause Occurs

Gold

2011

Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America

625

492

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Section: Summary Of Underlying Physiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

The Timing of the Age at Which Natural Menopause Occurs

Gold

2011

Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America

625

492

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“…The relationship between smoking, ovulatory dysfunction, and menstrual cycle disorders or menstrual symptoms has been largely investigated in humans; the majority of observational studies suggest that smokers are at higher risk of a range of menstrual problems, including oligomenorrhea, heavy bleeding, and dysmenorrhea. A large retrospective study on women enrolled in a weight reduction program demonstrated that heavy smokers had increased risk of oligomenorrhea, with a greater risk in women approaching menopause than for younger women [88]. A prospective cohort study demonstrated that smokers have a decreased duration of bleeding, and an increased daily amount of bleeding, in particular within the first two days of menses, whereas no difference in cycle length was found; these changes were dose-dependent, with heavy smokers reporting the more severe effects [89].…”

Section: Ovulation and Menstrual Cyclementioning

confidence: 99%

Smoke, alcohol and drug addiction and female fertility

Angelis

Nardone

Garifalos

et al. 2020

Reprod Biol Endocrinol

105

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Background: Considerable interest has been gathered on the relevant impact of preventable factors, including incorrect lifestyle and unhealthy habits, on female fertility. Smoking, alcohol and addictive drugs consumption represent a major concern, given the broad range of diseases which might be favored or exacerbated by these dependable attitudes. Despite the well-characterized effects of prenatal exposure on pregnancy outcomes and fetus health, a substantial proportion of women of reproductive age is still concerned with these habits. At present, the impact of smoke, alcohol and addictive drugs on women fertility, and, particularly, the specific targets and underlying mechanisms, are still poorly understood or debated, mainly due to the scarcity of well-designed studies, and to numerous biases. Objective: The current review will provide a comprehensive overview of clinical and experimental studies in humans and animals addressing the impact of smoke, alcohol and addictive drugs on female fertility, by also embracing effects on ovary, oviduct, and uterus, with particular reference to primary endpoints such as ovarian reserve, steroidogenesis, ovulation and menstrual cycle, oviduct function and uterus receptivity and implantation. A brief focus on polycystic ovary syndrome and endometriosis will be also included. Methods: A Pubmed literature search was performed with selected keywords; articles were individually retrieved by each author. No limitation was set for publication date. Articles in languages other than English were excluded. Additional articles were retrieved from references list of selected manuscripts. Results and conclusions: Currently, the most consistent evidences of a detrimental effect of smoke, alcohol and addictive drugs on specific domains of the female reproductive function are provided by experimental studies in animals. Overall, clinical studies suggest that smoking is associated to decreased fertility, although causal inference should be further demonstrated. Studies addressing the effect of alcohol consumption on female fertility provide conflicting results, although the majority reported lack of a correlation. Extremely scarce studies investigated the effects of addictive drugs on female fertility, and the specific actions of selected drugs have been difficult to address, due to multidrug consumption.

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“…Exposure to cigarette tobacco smoke has been previously shown to have variable effects on thyroid function, reflected by an increase or decrease in serum thyroxine (T4)=triiodothyronine (T3) concentrations (8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17). Active and passive smoking can result in smoke-induced interference with thyroid hormone homeostasis (18,19).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thyroid Hormone Levels Associated with Active and Passive Cigarette Smoking

Soldin

Goughenour

Gilbert

et al. 2009

Thyroid

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This study is unique in examining the association of serum cotinine and thyroid hormone concentrations using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry in women smokers, passive smokers, and nonsmokers. Active and passive exposure to cigarette tobacco smoke is associated with a mild inhibitory effect on the thyroid reflected in higher serum T4 and T3 in nonsmokers compared to smokers in this cohort of women.

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The association of smoking with clinical indicators of altered sex steroids — A study of 50,145 women

Cited by 7 publications

References 17 publications

The Timing of the Age at Which Natural Menopause Occurs

The Timing of the Age at Which Natural Menopause Occurs

Smoke, alcohol and drug addiction and female fertility

Thyroid Hormone Levels Associated with Active and Passive Cigarette Smoking

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