The associations between early life circumstances and later life health and employment in Europe

Flores, Manuel; Kalwij, Adriaan

doi:10.1007/s00181-013-0785-3

Cited by 33 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…These results are consistent with previous studies which focused on elder Spaniards [11, 18, 21]. Once we control for the indirect effects of social circumstances (pathway hypothesis), we prove that there has been a direct impact of early-life conditions on individuals’ health.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…They also find that the contribution of family background to social health inequality in Spain is more important than the contribution of individual status. Flores and Kalwij [21] also prove for a group of European countries including Spain that favourable early life circumstances are associated with a higher level of education and also with better health in adulthood, even when education is controlled for, thus showing the existence of both direct and indirect effects of parental status on health. These previous studies use data from the Survey of Health, Aging, and Retirement in Europe (SHARE), which only includes adults in pre-retirement age.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Estimating direct effects of parental occupation on Spaniards’ health by birth cohort

2017

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BackgroundSocial health inequalities in adult population are partly due to socioeconomic circumstances in childhood. A better understanding of how those circumstances affect health during adulthood may improve the opportunities for reducing health disparities. The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of parental socioeconomic status, which is proxied by occupation, on adult Spaniards’ health by birth cohort. The analysis will allow checking not only the direct impact of parental occupation on their offspring’s health, but also whether inherited inequality has been reduced over time.MethodsWe use data from the Bank of Spain’s Survey of Household Finances on Spanish households from 2002 to 2008. Sequential models were used to estimate the influence of the father’s and mother’s occupation on their offspring’s health, trying to disentangle direct from indirect effects. With a sample of 26,832 persons we consider effects for four different cohorts by birth periods ranging from 1916 to 1981.ResultsThe results show that parental occupation has a significant direct impact on individuals’ health (p < 0.01). The effect of father’s occupation exceeds that of mother’s. For those born before 1936, the probability of reporting a good health status ranges from 0.31 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.14–0.48), when fathers were classified as unskilled elementary workers, to 0.98 (95% CI 0.98–0.99) when they were managers or mid-level professionals. For those born during the period 1959–1975, those probabilities are 0.49 (95% CI 0.39–0.59) and 0.97 (95% CI 0.96–0.98), respectively. Therefore, health inequalities linked to parental socioeconomic status have been noticeably reduced, although discrimination against unskilled workers persists over time.ConclusionsGreat progress has been made in the health area during the twentieth century, so that the impact of parental socioeconomic status on individuals’ health has been significantly tempered for those at the bottom of the social scale. However, more efforts focused on the improvement of living conditions for most socioeconomically disadvantaged are needed in order to further reduce social inequalities in health.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimating direct effects of parental occupation on Spaniards’ health by birth cohort

2017

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“…Also Brunello et al (2012) find that the longterm association between access to books in the parental home and lifetime earnings for men in Europe is in part mediated through educational attainment. Flores and Kalwij (2014), for their part, find that the significant associations of favorable early life 24 Neither can we rule out the possibility of measurement error being more severe in our measure of childhood health due to an underreporting in some of the health conditions and possible reporting bias in childhood SRH (Smith 2009). Together with previous lack of evidence of coloring bias (i.e.…”

Section: Summary and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 69%

Early Life Circumstances and Life Cycle Labor Market Outcomes

2015

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Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen:Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden.Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen.Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. Terms of use: Documents in ABSTRACTWe investigate how early life circumstances-childhood health and socioeconomic status (SES)-are associated with labor market outcomes over an individual's entire life cycle. A life cycle approach provides insights not only into which labor market outcomes are associated with adverse childhood events but also into whether these associations show up early or only later in working life, and whether they vanish or persist over the life cycle. The analysis is conducted using the Survey of Health, Aging and Retirement in Europe, which contains retrospective information on early life circumstances and full work histories for over 20,000 individuals in thirteen European countries. We find that the associations between early life circumstances and (accumulated) labor market outcomes vary over an individual's life cycle. For men and women, the effect of childhood SES on lifetime earnings accumulates over the life cycle through the associations with both working years and annual earnings. Moreover, for men this association with lifetime earnings reverses sign from negative to positive over their working life. We also find a smaller, positive long-term association between childhood health and lifetime earnings operating mainly through annual earnings and only to a lesser extent through working years, and which is not present at the beginning of the working life for women. Most of these life cycle profiles differ between European country-groups. Finally, for women we find a so-called buffering effect, i.e. that a higher parental SES reduces the negative impact of poor health during childhood on accumulated earnings over the life cycle.JEL Classification: D10, I14, J14, J24, J31, O15

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“…It has also been hypothesized that older age workforce participation is likely to depend on patterns of employment at earlier life stages, and the social and economic circumstances that prevail across the life course (Case, Fertig, & Paxson, 2005;Flores & Kalwij, 2014;Mazzonna & Havari, 2011). With greater focus on the heterogeneity in life course trajectories, the traditional expectation that people will exhibit a "normal work biography" whereby they commence work as young adults, continue to work until a normative retirement age, and then cease work and retire to a life of leisure is increasingly being brought into question.…”

Section: 1mentioning

confidence: 99%

A gendered approach to workforce participation patterns over the life course for an Australian baby boom cohort

Majeed

Forder

Mishra

et al. 2015

Journal of Vocational Behavior

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Population ageing and its future implications for governments and individuals have been central to much policy debate and research targeted to retain older people in the workforce. This study identified workforce participation patterns across the adult life course for women and men entering later life, and explored the influences of various early and adult life socio-demographic circumstances. Data were collected from 1,261 men and women aged 60 to 64 years in the Life History and Health (LHH) Survey (a sub-study of the Sax Institute"s 45 and Up study, Australia) in 2010-11. LHH provides detailed information on personal histories of paid work, socioeconomic resources from childhood (number of books and father"s occupation) and adult life factors such as educational attainment, marital histories, childcare and informal caring. Latent class analysis (LCA) was undertaken to identify patterns of workforce participation for participants across their adult life. Significant gender differences were confirmed. Further analysis (LCA with covariates) showed that women who reported having books during childhood, and those who had post-school qualification, were more likely to have mostly been in paid work and less likely to have not been in paid work; while ever partnered women had significantly higher odds of increasing part time work over time. Men who had reported ever having had informal caring activities were likely to have had decreasing participation in paid work over time, and were highly likely to be not in paid work after 55 years. Ever partnered status was protective for being in paid work for men. These findings indicate the need for gender-specific policies and strategies to enable continued workforce participation throughout adult life and into later working years, particularly for people who had fewer social or economic opportunities earlier in life.

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The associations between early life circumstances and later life health and employment in Europe

Cited by 33 publications

References 48 publications

Estimating direct effects of parental occupation on Spaniards’ health by birth cohort

Estimating direct effects of parental occupation on Spaniards’ health by birth cohort

Early Life Circumstances and Life Cycle Labor Market Outcomes

A gendered approach to workforce participation patterns over the life course for an Australian baby boom cohort

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