The associations of Amphipoda Hyperiidea with gelatinous zooplankton—I. Associations with Salpidae

Madin, Laurence P.; Harbison, G. R.

doi:10.1016/0146-6291(77)90483-0

Cited by 139 publications

(78 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…The hyperiid amphipods Cyllopus lucasii and Vibilia stebbingi are ectocommensals on salps (cf. Madin & Harbison 1977). In our study area during the winter months, salps were very rare (Lancraft et al 1991); consequently, both amphipod species were deprived of their preferred host.…”

Section: Effects Of Seasonmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Vibilia spp. feeds primarily on particulate food collected by salps (Madin & Harbison 1977) and is thus indirectly dependent on the primary production harvested by its host salp for its nutrition. In addition, the host salp provides a free ride for the amphipods, allowing them to eliminate much of the energy costs entailed in maintaining vertical position in the water column.…”

Section: Effects Of Seasonmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Metabolism of Antarctic micronektonic Crustacea as a function of depth of occurrence and season

Torres¹,

Aarset²,

Donnelly³

et al. 1994

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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Oxygen consun~ption rates were determined on 21 species of crustaceans typical of the Southern Ocean micronektonic crustacean assemblage during spring (November), fall (March), and winter (June-August). Specimens were collected in the Scotia-Weddell Sea region in the vicinity of 60" S, 40" W in the upper 1000 m of the water column. Respiration (y, p1 O2 m g ' wet mass h-') declined with depth of occurrence ( X , m) according to the equation y = 0.125 x -~-~~~'~~~~ (p < 0.05) despite the isothermal character of the water column, suggesting that lower metabolic rates are a temperatureindependent adaptation to life in the deep sea. Three species of Crustacea showed a lowered metabolism during the winter season: the krill Euphausia superba and the 2 hyperiid amphipods Cyllopus lucasii and Vibilia stebbingi. Critical oxygen partial pressure (Pc) varied between 29 and 52 mm Hg, well below the lowest PO, found in the water column. It is suggested that the long nights of the Antarctic winter decrease the effectiveness of visual predation in the epipelagic zone, allowing lowered metabolic rates to be a viable overwintering strategy for some species.

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Section: Effects Of Seasonmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Effects Of Seasonmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolism of Antarctic micronektonic Crustacea as a function of depth of occurrence and season

Torres¹,

Aarset²,

Donnelly³

et al. 1994

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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show abstract

“…6). However, Madin and Harbison (1977) have shown that hyperiid amphipods often consume the guts of salps but do not consume the outer tunic. Thus, the guts may be of higher nutritional quality than the remaining portions of the salp.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Palatability of marine macro‐holoplankton: Nematocysts, nutritional quality, and chemistry as defenses against consumers

Bullard

Hay

2002

Limnology & Oceanography

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Chemical defenses against consumers have been hypothesized to be common among marine macro-holoplankton, but few studies have assessed macro-holoplankton susceptibility to predators or the traits affecting palatability. We used generalist fishes to determine the palatability of fresh tissues, freeze-dried homogenates, and chemical extracts from 19 species of macro-holoplankton. Fishes rejected fresh tissues of all the cnidarians, ctenophores, and cyanobacteria we examined but consumed salp and chaetognath tissues. In contrast, fishes consumed homogenates and chemical extracts of all macro-holoplankton except for the cyanobacterium Trichodesmium sp. We examined nematocysts and low nutritional quality as mechanisms causing rejection of fresh tissues. Once nematocysts were deactivated, fishes consumed cnidarian tentacles, indicating that nematocysts served as defenses. The nutritional quality of macro-holoplankton varied almost 500-fold among species and was strongly bimodal, with most macroholoplankton species having Յ0.7 mg soluble protein ml Ϫ1 or Ն7 mg ml Ϫ1 . In laboratory assays, there was a significant positive relationship between the nutritional quality of artificial foods and their acceptability to fishes. In field assays, reef fishes avoided experimental foods that had a protein content similar to low-quality macroholoplankton but fed rapidly on higher quality foods. Furthermore, macro-holoplankton that were high in protein content possessed defensive traits that low-protein species lacked. Although fresh tissues of most macro-holoplankton were rejected by generalist fishes, we found evidence of chemical defense only in a cyanobacterium. Thus, chemical defenses were rare among macro-holoplankton, and rejection for Ͼ90% of the species we assessed was due to nematocysts or low nutritional quality.There are conflicting notions regarding the role of predation in shaping the population and community structure of pelagic marine systems. In trying to explain why so many marine invertebrates have evolved complex life cycles with long-lived planktonic larval stages, Strathmann (1985) and Wray (1995) argued that high nearshore predation had selected for larvae that develop offshore in the plankton where the risk of predation was lower. Using ecological data, Morgan (1990Morgan ( , 1997 also concluded that offshore environments

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“…Moreover, the energetic value of their internal organs can be very high (Shenker 1985). Indeed, some predators of gelatinous zooplankton feed almost exclusively on these internal organs, avoiding the ingestion of gelatinous body parts (Harbison et al 1977;Madin and Harbison 1977;Janssen and Harbison 198 1). Some gelatinous zooplankton attain large body sizes or occur in swarms, making them an energetically attractive prey even if low in energy on an individual basis.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some of the species that showed deterrent properties in this study are already known to have specialized predators, such as the copepod M. gracilis on Trichodesmium (Roman 1978;O'Neil and Roman 1994) and amphipods like Phronima sp., and others, on salps (Madin and Harbison 1977;Diebe1 1988). If these predators themselves receive defensive characteristics through the association (e.g.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Feeding‐deterrent properties of common oceanic holoplankton from Bermudian waters

McClintock

Swenson

Steinberg³

et al. 1996

Limnology & Oceanography

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The feeding‐deterrent properties of a suite of common holoplankton (nine species representing five phyla) collected from oceanic waters near Bermuda were investigated. The common planktivorous fish Abudefduf saxatilus (sergeant major) was used as a model predator. With the exception of the salp Pegea bicaudata, all plankton had significant ichthyodeterrent properties compared to squid tissue controls. These plankton generally lack structural defenses and are passive or sluggish swimmers; our observations suggest that they may derive protection by harboring defensive chemistry. Chemical defenses would have important implications for the regulation of material and energy flux in oceanic food webs, and such defenses may help explain the abundance of coexisting species, all competing for similar resources, in a seemingly homogeneous habitat (i.e. the paradox of the plankton).

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The associations of Amphipoda Hyperiidea with gelatinous zooplankton—I. Associations with Salpidae

Cited by 139 publications

References 10 publications

Metabolism of Antarctic micronektonic Crustacea as a function of depth of occurrence and season

Metabolism of Antarctic micronektonic Crustacea as a function of depth of occurrence and season

Palatability of marine macro‐holoplankton: Nematocysts, nutritional quality, and chemistry as defenses against consumers

Feeding‐deterrent properties of common oceanic holoplankton from Bermudian waters

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