Although the impact of burnout on general health has been well documented, the impact on cognitive functions has only recently started to attract attention. Burnout has been shown to affect both quality of life and professional efficacy. The present review focused on the links between burnout and cognitive deterioration, with two main objectives: (a) identify the cognitive functions affected by burnout and the underlying processes (i.e., factors explaining apparently heterogeneous consequences of burnout); and (b) explore possible ways of restoring these cognitive functions. We followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-analysis guidelines, in order to find as exhaustive a set of articles as possible. The majority of studies were cross-sectional, with few longitudinal studies on the subject. Moreover, the majority of studies featured comparison groups, but these were not always created in identical ways. The main results of these studies indicated that impairments of memory, attention, and executive functions are related to burnout and these impairments vary over time. However, whether they described the impact of burnout in its early stages or over time, results were divergent. These divergences can be explained by the multiplicity of burnout definitions, ways of measuring burnout, and individual circumstances (e.g., type of job, personal characteristics). We suggest ways of tackling this multiplicity, including using stricter control groups, assessing social variables, and devising new methods for diagnosing burnout. Finally, several promising remediation strategies are recommended, based on the results of this literature review, such as cognitive training and mindfulness.