The atmospheric input flux of trace metals to the North Sea; A review and recommendations for research

Ottley, Christopher J.; Harrison, Roy M.

doi:10.1016/0048-9697(91)90382-o

Cited by 10 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…The lack of such a signal in the HMA most likely is caused by the relatively minor contribution of atmospheric Pb to the deposition there. Ottley and Harrison (1991) provided an estimate for the atmospheric Pb deposition in the German Bight of~600 μg m −2 month −1 based on data from 1980, which would amount to an annual deposition of 7.2 mg m −2 year −1 . Taking 30 ppm as the average Pb content in the polluted HMA sediments in core GeoB 4801-1 (Table 2) and its average sedimentation rate of 1.4 mm year − 1 (considering a dry bulk density of 0.9 g cm −3 ; Hebbeln, unpublished data), the sedimentary Pb deposition is 38 mg m −2 year −1 (using the 210 Pb-dating derived sedimentation rate of 2.6 mm year −1 for the uppermost sediments, this number would increase to 70 mg m −2 year −1 ).…”

Section: The Time-transgressive Pattern Of Enhanced Zn and Pb Inputmentioning

confidence: 99%

Historical anthropogenic heavy metal input to the south-eastern North Sea

et al. 2019

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The Helgoland Mud Area (HMA) in the German Bight, covering an area of approximately 500 km 2 , is one of a few depocentres for finer sediments in the North Sea. Radiocarbon and 210 Pb analyses revealed continuous sedimentation over the last several centuries. Zinc (Zn) and lead (Pb) contents in the sediments show a distinct increase towards the youngest most sediments with the thickness of the heavy metal enriched sediments ranging from 15 to 103 cm. Stratigraphic data indicate that the onset of heavy metal enrichment is diachronous progressing north-westward over the depocentre, paralleled by a decrease in the thickness of the enriched layer. Beginning already during medieval times, the enhanced input of Zn and Pb seemingly is related to silver and zinc mining in the Harz Mountains and the Erzgebirge, well-known mining areas since the Bronze Age. Both regions are directly connected to the HMA by the Elbe and Weser rivers. Zn and Pb enrichment began in the southeastern HMA and progressed subsequently with an average of 10 m per year north-westward, most likely triggered by variations in river discharge and by the hydrodynamic setting. Quantitative assessments of the Zn and Pb content in the sediments suggest that since the onset of enhanced Zn and Pb deposition, the anthropic Zn and Pb input in the HMA amounts to~12,000 t and~4000 t, respectively.

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Section: The Time-transgressive Pattern Of Enhanced Zn and Pb Inputmentioning

confidence: 99%

Historical anthropogenic heavy metal input to the south-eastern North Sea

et al. 2019

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“…212 Environmental effects of atmospheric deposition have been studied for a long time, but the mechanism is poorly understood. 211,213 Enhanced levels of atmospherically deposited nitric and sulfuric acid (acid rain) adversely affect the health of ecological systems, such as agricultural crops, large water bodies, and forests. Arimoto 211 concluded that deposition is the dominant source for a variety of chemical contaminants in the Great Lakes.…”

Section: Global Climate Changementioning

confidence: 99%

Diesel Engines: Environmental Impact and Control

Lloyd

Cackette

2001

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

428

260

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The diesel engine is the most efficient prime mover commonly available today. Diesel engines move a large portion of the world's goods, power much of the world's equipment, and generate electricity more economically than any other device in their size range. But the diesel is one of the largest contributors to environmental pollution problems worldwide, and will remain so, with large increases expected in vehicle population and vehicle miles traveled (VMT) causing ever-increasing global emissions. Diesel emissions contribute to the development of cancer; cardiovascular and respiratory health effects; pollution of air, water, and soil; soiling; reductions in visibility; and global climate change. Where instituted, control programs have been effective in reducing diesel fleet emissions. Fuel changes, such as reduced sulfur and aromatics content, have resulted in immediate improvements across the entire diesel on- and off-road fleet, and promise more improvements with future control. In the United States, for example, 49-state (non-California) off-road diesel fuel sulfur content is 10 times higher than that of national on-road diesel fuel. Significantly reducing this sulfur content would reduce secondary particulate matter (PM) formation and allow the use of control technologies that have proven effective in the on-road arena. The use of essentially zero-sulfur fuels, such as natural gas, in heavy-duty applications is also expected to continue. Technology changes, such as engine modifications, exhaust gas recirculation, and catalytic aftertreatment, take longer to fully implement, due to slow fleet turnover. However, they eventually result in significant emission reductions and will be continued on an ever-widening basis in the United States and worldwide. New technologies, such as hybrids and fuel cells, show significant promise in reducing emissions from sources currently dominated by diesel use. Lastly, the turnover of trucks and especially off-road equipment is slow; pollution control agencies need to address existing emissions with in-use programs, such as exhaust trap retrofits and smoke inspections. Such a program is underway in California. These and other steps that can be continued and improved will allow the use of the diesel engine, with its superior fuel consumption, to continue to benefit society while greatly reducing its negative environmental and health impacts. The next ten years can and must become the "Decade of Clean Diesel."

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“…Pb is volatile and it is released during high-temperature processes and the combustion of leaded fuel. Being enriched in industrialized countries, Pb is distributed mainly by atmospheric and riverine inputs (Ottley and Harrison, 1991;Turner et al, 1991;Grousset et al, 1999). Due to Pb monitoring efforts, during the last decades, the exposure levels to this metal in the general environment revealed a significant decline.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sediment and Suspended Matter Lead Contamination in the Gulf of Kavala, Greece

Stamatis

Kamidis

Sylaïos

2006

Environ Monit Assess

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Sediment and suspended particulate matter samples from 24 stations in the Gulf of Kavala have been examined for lead contamination. Grain size analysis and organic matter content were also performed. Total -- anthropogenic sediment lead concentrations and enrichment factors at stations close to harbors and chemical industries were found higher (up to 209-135 micro g/g and 4.12 respectively), in relation to concentrations from the rest of the coastal zone. In the above areas, increased suspended particulate lead in the bottom of the water column was also recorded (up to 109 micro g/g). Total sediment lead concentrations composed of high natural Pb background increased with decreasing grain size, suggesting their association with the fine fractions of the sediments (31.1-66.0% mud presence) and the organic matter content (6-9% higher values). Overall, higher total lead concentrations in the sediments, determined by this work, appear to be significantly different from those reported for the Gulf of Kavala in previous studies and similar to those detected in other highly contaminated eastern Mediterranean coastal areas.

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The atmospheric input flux of trace metals to the North Sea; A review and recommendations for research

Cited by 10 publications

References 31 publications

Historical anthropogenic heavy metal input to the south-eastern North Sea

Historical anthropogenic heavy metal input to the south-eastern North Sea

Diesel Engines: Environmental Impact and Control

Sediment and Suspended Matter Lead Contamination in the Gulf of Kavala, Greece

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