The Attribution of Emotional State - How Embodiment Features and Social Traits Affect the Perception of an Artificial Agent

Paetzel, Maike; Castellano, Ginevra; Varni, Giovanna; Hupont, Isabelle; Chétouani, Mohamed; Peters, Christopher J.

doi:10.1109/roman.2018.8525700

Cited by 9 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…The particular set of facial textures utilized in this study is based on a interactive study we ran with the Furhat robot where we found that the morph robot elicited significantly higher discomfort than both the humanlike and the mechanical texture (Paetzel and Castellano, 2019). In previous work, we additionally validated the blending technique on another set of humanlike and mechanical textures and found some of the corresponding morphs to elicit significantly higher feelings of discomfort in participants compared to the original humanlike and mechanical textures (Paetzel et al, 2018). The robot's verbal and non-verbal behavior in the interaction sessions was remote-controlled by a researcher, who followed detailed instructions to select the robot's verbal responses from a set of utterances provided by an interface (cf Figure 2 top left, for more details, consult the Supplementary Material).…”

Section: Robot Embodiment and Behaviormentioning

confidence: 95%

I Can See It in Your Eyes: Gaze as an Implicit Cue of Uncanniness and Task Performance in Repeated Interactions With Robots

et al. 2021

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Over the past years, extensive research has been dedicated to developing robust platforms and data-driven dialog models to support long-term human-robot interactions. However, little is known about how people's perception of robots and engagement with them develop over time and how these can be accurately assessed through implicit and continuous measurement techniques. In this paper, we explore this by involving participants in three interaction sessions with multiple days of zero exposure in between. Each session consists of a joint task with a robot as well as two short social chats with it before and after the task. We measure participants' gaze patterns with a wearable eye-tracker and gauge their perception of the robot and engagement with it and the joint task using questionnaires. Results disclose that aversion of gaze in a social chat is an indicator of a robot's uncanniness and that the more people gaze at the robot in a joint task, the worse they perform. In contrast with most HRI literature, our results show that gaze toward an object of shared attention, rather than gaze toward a robotic partner, is the most meaningful predictor of engagement in a joint task. Furthermore, the analyses of gaze patterns in repeated interactions disclose that people's mutual gaze in a social chat develops congruently with their perceptions of the robot over time. These are key findings for the HRI community as they entail that gaze behavior can be used as an implicit measure of people's perception of robots in a social chat and of their engagement and task performance in a joint task.

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Section: Robot Embodiment and Behaviormentioning

confidence: 95%

I Can See It in Your Eyes: Gaze as an Implicit Cue of Uncanniness and Task Performance in Repeated Interactions With Robots

et al. 2021

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“…Saygin et al, 2012). So far, only Paetzel et al (2018) have studied eeriness as a function of agent embodiment and found a video recording to appear less uncanny than if the same agent was physically present. Similarly, none of the discussed studies actually investigates participants' behavioral intentions following different types of robot presentation, leaving another worthwhile question unanswered.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Even more so, we believe that most extant studies are still limited by a crucial shortcoming: By treating the robot's presentation mode as a dichotomous variable-which can only manifest as either non-mediation (real robot) or one specific type of mediation such as 2D video-previous research offers only little insight into the theoretically relevant dimension underpinning the found effects. While several authors (e.g., Kidd and Breazeal, 2004;Bainbridge et al, 2011;Li, 2015;Paetzel et al, 2018) have suggested that the different experience of real and televised robots might be a function of observers' perceived psychological immediacy, or social presence-i.e., considering the machine as more or less available, capable of acting and experiencing, and physically close (Lee, 2004)-this interpretation remains rather speculative.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

User Responses to a Humanoid Robot Observed in Real Life, Virtual Reality, 3D and 2D

et al. 2021

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Humanoid robots (i.e., robots with a human-like body) are projected to be mass marketed in the future in several fields of application. Today, however, user evaluations of humanoid robots are often based on mediated depictions rather than actual observations or interactions with a robot, which holds true not least for scientific user studies. People can be confronted with robots in various modes of presentation, among them (1) 2D videos, (2) 3D, i.e., stereoscopic videos, (3) immersive Virtual Reality (VR), or (4) live on site. A systematic investigation into how such differential modes of presentation influence user perceptions of a robot is still lacking. Thus, the current study systematically compares the effects of different presentation modes with varying immersive potential on user evaluations of a humanoid service robot. Participants (N = 120) observed an interaction between a humanoid service robot and an actor either on 2D or 3D video, via a virtual reality headset (VR) or live. We found support for the expected effect of the presentation mode on perceived immediacy. Effects regarding the degree of human likeness that was attributed to the robot were mixed. The presentation mode had no influence on evaluations in terms of eeriness, likability, and purchase intentions. Implications for empirical research on humanoid robots and practice are discussed.

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“…1 left). We used the same texture in previous experiments with the Furhat robot and found it to be rated above average on the scales humanlikeness and likability [18]. In previous work, we have used a cartoonlike face with only indicated lips and eyebrows and created a morph between this facial texture and the humanlike one.…”

Section: Embodimentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While the appearance of virtual agents can easily be altered to create different and comparable versions of the same agent, the perception of virtual agents often differs in comparison to robots [12]. Research comparing uncanny feelings between robots and virtual characters is sparse, but first results show that findings from virtual agents do not always translate to a physical counterpart [18]. Back-projected robot platforms are a promising technology for uncanny valley related research since they offer the flexibility of altering the appearance of the robot while at the same time keeping its physical embodiment [1][5] [10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Paetzel

Castellano

2019

Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Human-Agent Interaction

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With an ever increasing demand for personal service robots and artificial assistants, companies, start-ups and researchers aim to better understand what makes robot platforms more likable. Some argue that increasing a robot's humanlikeness leads to a higher acceptability. Others, however, find that extremely humanlike robots are perceived as uncanny and are consequently often rejected by users. When investigating people's perception of robots, the focus of the related work lies almost solely on the first impression of these robots, often measured based on images or video clips of the robots alone. Little is known about whether these initial positive or negative feelings persist when giving people the chance to interact with the robot. In this paper, 48 participants were gradually exposed to the capabilities of a robot and their perception of it was tracked from their first impression to after playing a short interactive game with it. We found that initial uncanny feelings towards the robot were significantly decreased after getting to know it better, which further highlights the importance of using real interactive scenarios when studying people's perception of robots. In order to elicit uncanny feelings, we used the 3D blended embodiment Furhat and designed four different facial textures for it. Our work shows that a blended platform can cause different levels of discomfort towards it depending on the facial texture and may thus be an interesting tool for further research on the uncanny valley. CCS CONCEPTS• Human-centered computing → Empirical studies in HCI; Natural language interfaces; • Computer systems organization → Robotics; • Computing methodologies → Intelligent agents.

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The Attribution of Emotional State - How Embodiment Features and Social Traits Affect the Perception of an Artificial Agent

Cited by 9 publications

References 27 publications

I Can See It in Your Eyes: Gaze as an Implicit Cue of Uncanniness and Task Performance in Repeated Interactions With Robots

I Can See It in Your Eyes: Gaze as an Implicit Cue of Uncanniness and Task Performance in Repeated Interactions With Robots

User Responses to a Humanoid Robot Observed in Real Life, Virtual Reality, 3D and 2D

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