“…First, to our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the expectation gap under the revised ISA 700 in a European country. Prior expectation gap research has focused largely on Anglo‐Saxon countries such as the US, UK, New Zealand, and Australia (e.g., Gay, Schelluch & Reid, 1997; Gay et al ., 1998; Dewing & Russell, 2002; Kirk, 2006; Chong & Pflugrath, 2008) and Asian countries such as Singapore, China, Bangladesh, and Lebanon (e.g., Best, Bucky & Tan, 2001; Lin & Chen, 2004; Sidani, 2007; Siddiqui, Nasreen & Choudhury‐Lena, 2009). 3 Second, we inquired among a substantial range of different groups dealing with financial statements and audit opinions, including experienced auditors, financial analysts as sophisticated users, and business students as unsophisticated or ‘naïve’ users.…”