“…Therefore, selecting an appropriate promoter and optimizing the combination of promoters and different regulatory elements can improve the expression of recombinant antibodies and increase the stability of expression. Some chromatin-modifying elements can prevent transgene silencing, including matrix attachment regions (MAR) ( Buceta et al, 2011 ; Mohammadian et al, 2019 ; Zhang et al, 2020 ), locus control regions (LCR) ( Sharma et al, 2019 ; Morgan et al, 2020 ), ubiquitous chromatin opening elements (UCOEs) ( Pfaff et al, 2013 ; Harraghy et al, 2015 ; Nematpour et al, 2017 ; Rocha-Pizaña et al, 2017 ), stabilizing anti-repressor elements (STAR) ( Kwaks et al, 2003 ; Otte et al, 2007 ; Van Blokland et al, 2007 ), and insulators ( Benabdellah et al, 2014 ; Chetverina et al, 2014 ; Naderi et al, 2018 ; Pérez-González and Caro, 2019 ). Moreover, artificial chromosome expression (ACE) and targeted integration technology, including Flp-In and recombinase-mediated cassette exchange system (RMCE), can overcome the shortcomings of random integration ( Kennard et al, 2009 ; Soler et al, 2018 ; Reinhart et al, 2019 ; Ng et al, 2021 ).…”