The Autonomic Nervous System and Perinatal Metabolism

Milner, R. D. G.; Gasparo, Marc de

doi:10.1002/9780470720653.ch14

Cited by 3 publications

(1 citation statement)

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“…7,20,21 Catecholamines rise sharply at the time of birth and are involved in the body's adaptation to several features of the new external environment including temperature and altered nutrient availability. [22][23][24] No data are available for normal ontogeny and changes in b-AR abundance in response to MNR in primates. In the present study, we have shown for the first time that moderate global reduction in maternal nutrition has differential stage of gestation-specific effects on b 1 -and b 2 -AR subtypes in the fetal baboon liver.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Moderate Global Reduction in Maternal Nutrition Has Differential Stage of Gestation Specific Effects on β1- and β2-Adrenergic Receptors in the Fetal Baboon Liver

et al. 2011

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Hepatic b-adrenergic receptors (b-ARs) play a pivotal role in mobilization of reserves via gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis to supply the animal with its energy needs during decreased nutrient availability. Using a unique nutrient-deprived baboon model, we have demonstrated for the first time that immunoreactive hepatic b 1 -and b 2 -AR subtypes are regionally distributed and localized on cells around the central lobular vein in 0.5 and 0.9 gestation (G) fetuses of ad libitum fed control (CTR) and maternal nutrient restricted (MNR) mothers. Furthermore, MNR decreased fetal liver immunoreactive b 1 -AR and increased immunoreactive b 2 -AR at 0.5G. However, at 0.9G, immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis revealed a decrease in b 1 -AR and no change in b 2 -AR levels. Thus, MNR in a nonhuman primate species has effects on hepatic b 1 -and b 2 -ARs that are receptor-and gestation stage-specific and may represent compensatory systems whose effects would increase glucose availability in the presence of nutrient deprivation.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Moderate Global Reduction in Maternal Nutrition Has Differential Stage of Gestation Specific Effects on β1- and β2-Adrenergic Receptors in the Fetal Baboon Liver

et al. 2011

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Hormones and metabolic adaptation in the newborn

Bassett

1989

Proc. Nutr. Soc.

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Laboratory, Wytham, Oxford OX2 SQJ Birth, an inescapable event in the development of placental mammals, marks a boundary between total dependence on the mother for sustenance and the beginnings of independent existence for the newborn infant. The timing of birth and extent of the infant's independence vary enormously amongst species, so it is very difficult to generalize about events occurring at this time. A role for the fetus in the initiation of its own birth is now clearly recognized in many species, but the timing of birth relates as much to the behavioural pattern of the mother and her ability to provide a birthplace secure from predators and protected from the worst vicissitudes of the environment, as it does to the physiological development of the infant. Solutions to the problems of protecting the newborn from the environment and predation are almost as diverse as the species themselves, so we should expect to find great variation in the ways metabolism adapts to the new independence of post-natal life.The variable timing of delivery in relation to physiological development among species dictates that the adaptive solutions will vary. Nevertheless, many of the changes, perforce, occur in newborn infants of virtually all species. Many have no direct relevance for the present discussion, others, however, have implications for metabolism and the nutritional welfare of the newborn. Expansion of the lungs and establishment of satisfactory pulmonary ventilation are of crucial relevance to the support of oxidative metabolism, through provision of oxygen and removal of carbon dioxide, as are the reorganization of the circulatory system and redistribution of cardiac output after severance of the umbilical cord. Immaturity or abnormalities in adaptation of either of these systems after birth may result in major complications for regulation of metabolism and survival. However, the adaptive mechanisms of greatest relevance to the present discussion are those relating to the regulation of homeothermy and metabolism itself.Before birth, thermoregulation is principally a question of adequate removal of heat generated by metabolic activity in the fetus and its placenta. The evidence indicates that this is achieved predominantly through heat exchange between fetal and maternal blood circulating within the placenta, though there is some evidence that the fetal lamb is already capable of participating in thermoregulation through control of skin blood flow (Kawamura et al. 1986). Following birth, however, maintenance of body temperature necessitates active regulation of heat production and conservation by the infant, either through alteration of cardiac output, blood flow distribution and neurohumoral regulation of tissue metabolism, or by behavioural adaptation to minimize heat loss to the environment. The mechanisms involved and their regulation have been the subject of detailed review (Alexander, 1979). Few infants are born into @ thermal environment where they are immediately within their thermoneutral zone. Heat conse...

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Sympatho‐Adrenal Activity and Metabolic Adjustment during the First 12 Hours after Birth in Infants of Diabetic Mothers

et al. 1984

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Plasma adrenaline and noradrenaline concentrations at birth were the same in infants of diabetic mothers and controls after both vaginal and abdominal delivery. The infants delivered vaginally had significantly higher noradrenaline concentrations than those delivered by caesarean section. During the first 12 postnatal hours, the concentration of noradrenaline decreased to levels similar to those found in newborn infants with minor respiratory problems. No hypoglycemic values were recorded in infants of diabetic mothers at birth nor during the first twelve hours after birth. The C-peptide concentrations at birth were significantly lower in infants of diabetic mothers delivered vaginally as compared to those delivered by caesarean section. The FFA concentrations increased after birth possibly as a result of the lipolytic action of catecholamines released during labour and delivery. We have not been able to confirm the increased sympatho-adrenal activity previously reported in infants of diabetic mothers. We suggest that the difference is due to better metabolic control in the diabetic mothers during pregnancy and delivery in this study.

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The Autonomic Nervous System and Perinatal Metabolism

Cited by 3 publications

References 47 publications

Moderate Global Reduction in Maternal Nutrition Has Differential Stage of Gestation Specific Effects on β1- and β2-Adrenergic Receptors in the Fetal Baboon Liver

Moderate Global Reduction in Maternal Nutrition Has Differential Stage of Gestation Specific Effects on β1- and β2-Adrenergic Receptors in the Fetal Baboon Liver

Hormones and metabolic adaptation in the newborn

Sympatho‐Adrenal Activity and Metabolic Adjustment during the First 12 Hours after Birth in Infants of Diabetic Mothers

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