The autophagy inducer SMER28 attenuates microtubule dynamics mediating neuroprotection

Abstract

SMER28 was originally identified in a screen for small-molecules that act as modulators of autophagy. SMER28 enhanced the clearance of autophagic substrates such as mutant huntingtin, an effect that was independent of rapamycin-induced autophagy. Thus, SMER 28 was established as a positive regulator of autophagy acting independently of the mTOR pathway, increasing autophagosome biosynthesis and attenuating mutant huntingtin-fragment toxicity in cellular- and fruit fly Huntington’s disease models, suggesting therapeutic potential. Despite a wealth of previous studies, molecular mechanisms mediating SMER28 activities and its direct targets have remained elusive. Here we analyzed the effects of SMER28 on cells and found that it not only induces autophagy, but also significantly stabilizes microtubules and decelerates microtubule dynamics. Moreover, we report that SMER28 displays neurotrophic and neuroprotective effects at the cellular level by inducing neurite outgrowth and by protecting from excitotoxin-induced axon degeneration. Finally, we compare the effects of SMER28 with other autophagy-inducing or microtubule-stabilizing drugs: Whereas SMER28 and rapamycin both induce autophagy, the latter does not stabilize microtubules, and whereas both SMER28 and epothilone B stabilize microtubules, epothilone does not provoke increased autophagy. Thus, the effect of SMER28 on cells in general and neurons in particular is based on its unique spectrum of bioactivities distinct from other known microtubule-stabilizing or autophagy-inducing drugs.