The average roughness and fractal dimension of articular cartilage during drying

Smyth, Patrick; Rifkin, Rebecca E.; Jackson, Robert L.; Hanson, R. Reid

doi:10.1002/sca.21128

Cited by 10 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“… 89 However, despite the average roughness increasing, the fractal dimension was shown not to be effected by processing. 96 Thus, Ra CU and Ra C likely provide results which represent outer limits of surface roughness when measured using an optical microscope. Thus, following tissue processing, Ra C and Ra CU may represent the lower and higher bounds of surface roughness for coronary arteries.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Dynamic Viscoelasticity and Surface Properties of Porcine Left Anterior Descending Coronary Arteries

Burton

Freij

Espino

2016

Cardiovasc Eng Tech

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The aim of this study was, for the first time, to measure and compare quantitatively the viscoelastic properties and surface roughness of coronary arteries. Porcine left anterior descending coronary arteries were dissected ex vivo. Viscoelastic properties were measured longitudinally using dynamic mechanical analysis, for a range of frequencies from 0.5 to 10 Hz. Surface roughness was calculated following three-dimensional reconstructed of surface images obtained using an optical microscope. Storage modulus ranged from 14.47 to 25.82 MPa, and was found to be frequency-dependent, decreasing as the frequency increased. Storage was greater than the loss modulus, with the latter found to be frequency-independent with a mean value of 2.10 ± 0.33 MPa. The circumferential surface roughness was significantly greater (p < 0.05) than the longitudinal surface roughness, ranging from 0.73 to 2.83 and 0.35 to 0.92 µm, respectively. However, if surface roughness values were corrected for shrinkage during processing, circumferential and longitudinal surface roughness were not significantly different (1.04 ± 0.47, 0.89 ± 0.27 µm, respectively; p > 0.05). No correlation was found between the viscoelastic properties and surface roughness. It is feasible to quantitatively measure the viscoelastic properties of coronary arteries and the roughness of their endothelial surface.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Dynamic Viscoelasticity and Surface Properties of Porcine Left Anterior Descending Coronary Arteries

Burton

Freij

Espino

2016

Cardiovasc Eng Tech

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“… 39 , 40 This could result in an increased release of degradative enzymes leading to cartilage breakdown, 41 and/or the development of cartilage areas which are effectively dead, inevitably leading to matrix weakening or loss. 42 Alternatively, drying could cause damage to matrix proteins, leading to surface roughness 43 or glycosaminoglycan (GAG) depletion. 9 While there is very little information on the effects of drying on matrix proteins and its recovery following rehydration, chondrocyte loss may ultimately lead to cartilage failure.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Drying of open animal joints in vivo subsequently causes cartilage degeneration

Paterson

Eltawil

Simpson

et al. 2016

Bone & Joint Research

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ObjectivesDuring open orthopaedic surgery, joints may be exposed to air, potentially leading to cartilage drying and chondrocyte death, however, the long-term effects of joint drying in vivo are poorly understood. We used an animal model to investigate the subsequent effects of joint drying on cartilage and chondrocytes.MethodsThe patellar groove of anaesthetised rats was exposed (sham-operated), or exposed and then subjected to laminar airflow (0.25m/s; 60 minutes) before wounds were sutured and animals recovered. Animals were monitored for up to eight weeks and then sacrificed. Cartilage and chondrocyte properties were studied by histology and confocal microscopy, respectively.ResultsJoint drying caused extensive chondrocyte death within the superficial regions of cartilage. Histology of dried cartilage demonstrated a loss of surface integrity at four weeks, fibrillations at eight weeks, and an increased modified Mankin score (p < 0.001). Cartilage thickness increased (p < 0.001), whereas chondrocyte density decreased at four weeks (p < 0.001), but then increased towards sham-operated levels (p < 0.01) at eight weeks. By week eight, chondrocyte pairing/clustering and cell volume increased (p < 0.05; p < 0.001, respectively).ConclusionsThese in vivo results demonstrated for the first time that as a result of laminar airflow, cartilage degeneration occurred which has characteristics similar to those seen in early osteoarthritis. Maintenance of adequate cartilage hydration during open orthopaedic surgery is therefore of paramount importance.Cite this article: Dr A. Hall. Drying of open animal joints in vivo subsequently causes cartilage degeneration. Bone Joint Res 2016;5:137–144. DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.54.2000594.

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“…There are several parameters of surface roughness and choosing the appropriate parameter for analysis could be preference‐ or application‐dependent. Previous studies have used roughness parameter Ra (root mean square method) to determine roughness for the articular cartilage surfaces of various equine synovial joints to assess fractal dimensioning of surface features during drying (Smyth, Rifkin, et al, 2014; Smyth, Rifkin, et al, 2012). The mammillary processes observed in the present study had a degree of fractal dimensioning, and the scale for analysis was determined by scale of interest (macro‐scale) and instrument resolution (Perrone Jr & Williams, 2019).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The morphogenesis of porcine femoral head mammillary processes: A structural mechanism of biomechanical stability

Perrone

Williams

2021

The Anatomical Record

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The capital femoral physis is a growth plate located between the head of the femur and femoral neck, which forms a temporary joint where growth plate cartilage is converted to bone by endochondral ossification. The bone‐cartilage‐bone interface develops a unique radial pattern of interdigitating mammillary processes that interlock the femoral head with the metaphysis, increasing biomechanical stability. The arrangement of these mammillary processes may not be a random occurrence and likely serves to provide mechanical mechanisms to enhance biomechanical stability. In this study, we provide a qualitative and quantitative analysis of porcine femoral head mammillary processes and focus on the analysis of six key points of development: the epiphyseal tubercle, epiphyseal cupping, growth plate slope angles, expansion of the epiphyseal subchondral bone plate, epiphyseal elongation, and the emergence of smaller, radially arranged mammillary processes. We introduce a metric of surface roughness analysis to quantify mammillary processes and apply it to analyze the development of the observed radial pattern of peripheral mammillary processes from birth to adolescence. We hypothesized that these processes develop to form a radial pattern with some degree of periodicity beginning relatively early in development of the joint and increase in prominence with age and weight of the animal. These findings may have important implications in the early diagnosis and treatment of the hip disorder slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE). Underdevelopment of femoral head mammillary processes may reduce joint stability and could be a risk factor in SCFE.

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The average roughness and fractal dimension of articular cartilage during drying

Cited by 10 publications

References 39 publications

Dynamic Viscoelasticity and Surface Properties of Porcine Left Anterior Descending Coronary Arteries

Dynamic Viscoelasticity and Surface Properties of Porcine Left Anterior Descending Coronary Arteries

Drying of open animal joints in vivo subsequently causes cartilage degeneration

The morphogenesis of porcine femoral head mammillary processes: A structural mechanism of biomechanical stability

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