The avian enteric immune system in health and disease

Smith, Adrian L.; Powers, Claire; Beal, Richard K.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-818708-1.00030-0

Cited by 12 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 265 publications

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“…A bene cial microbial community is indispensable in maintaining normal physiological homeostasis [16][17][18]. Chickens infected with SE mounted a substantial immune response typi ed by high levels of antigen-speci c antibodies (IgM, IgY, and IgA), strong T cell responses, and increased expression of genes in the spleen and an array of cytokines and chemokines in the gut [19]. Additionally, vertical transmission is an important route of SE spreading in poultry production and resulted in a signi cant loss of laying performance and egg quality [20,21].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Salmonella enteritidis Infection on TLR Genes Expression and Microbial Diversity in Laying Hens

Jiang

Zhang

Sun

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Background: Salmonella enteritidis (SE) is one of the critical foodborne pathogens, and mainly causes human diseases through contaminated water and food. In the current study, serological tests, histopathological observation and quantitative real-time PCR were used to assess the effect of Salmonella enteritidis infection on the immune system in chickens. To understand the influence of SE infection on the microflora profile of the cecum and oviduct, microbial community composition of the cecal contents and oviducal contents wereanalyzed through 16S rRNA sequencing. Results: Results showed that SEinfection caused damage to the digestive organs, reproductive organs, and immune organs in laying hens. The expression of TLR1a, TLR1b, TLR2, TLR4, TLR5, TLR7 and TLR15 in the cecum were induced, and the content of IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-2 and IL-18 in serum were increased after SE infection. The composition of the microbial community significantly changed in cecal content, the dominant bacteria of Firmicutes increased, and Bacteroidetes decreased significantly. In the oviduct, the microbial diversity became complicated, the dominant bacteria Faecalibacterium was significantly increased, and Bacteroides was significantly decreased. Conclusions: Salmonella enteritidis infection triggered the host’s innate and adaptive response, increased the expression of TLRs and contents of cytokines and changed the microbial diversity in the cecum and oviduct. These findings willlay the foundation for further study on reducing the vertical transmission of Salmonella enteritidis, ensuring the production of clean eggs.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Salmonella enteritidis Infection on TLR Genes Expression and Microbial Diversity in Laying Hens

Jiang

Zhang

Sun

et al. 2022

Preprint

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“…Thus, the mucosal layer of the intestine holds the key to both the digestive and absorptive roles of the gut. It is believed that rapid physical and functional development of the gastrointestinal tract occurs during the immediate post‐hatch period, with increase in complexity of the intestinal epithelium (Smith et al, 2014; Wali & Kadhim, 2014). These complex changes in the epithelium are scarcely understood among the different breeds of chicken.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Light and transmission electron microscopic evaluation of the lamina epithelialis mucosae in the ileum of pre‐ and post‐hatch broiler chicken

Udoumoh

Nwaogu

Igwebuike

et al. 2021

Anat Histol Embryol

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Morphological development of the lamina epithelialis mucosae (LEM) of the ileum of broiler chicken was evaluated using light and transmission electron microscopic techniques. Ileal sections were collected on embryonic days (ED) 14, 17 and 19, as well as post-hatch days (PD) 1, 3, 5, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42 and 56. The result showed that the ileal LEM, which were poorly defined at embryonic days 14 and 17, consisted of enterocytes and some atypically shaped goblet cells. Apico-lateral tight junctions and irregularly shaped microvilli were associated with the enterocytes at ED 14 and 17.

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“…The GI epithelium, arranged in a single-cell layer, takes an active part in the integrated gut immune system, forming a barrier reinforced by tight junction (TJ) proteins, secreting mucus and antimicrobial/host defense peptides (AMP/HDP), and expressing pattern recognition receptors (PRR) that orchestrate the enteral immune response ( Smith et al, 2014 ; Chen et al, 2015 ; Broom and Kogut, 2018a ).…”

Section: Heat Stress Effects On Gut Health Of Chickensmentioning

confidence: 99%

“… Quinteiro-Filho et al (2010 , 2012) reported that heat-stressed broilers manifest mild multifocal enteritis. Enteral inflammation has been shown to shorten the lifespan of enterocytes and cause crypt hyperplasia and villus atrophy ( Smith et al, 2014 ). These alterations in intestinal epithelium morphology (microarchitecture), along with increased cell apoptosis and reduced cell proliferation, have recently been observed in broiler chickens exposed to HS ( He et al, 2018a , 2018b ; Liu et al, 2020 , 2022 ; Nanto-Hara et al, 2020 ).…”

Section: Heat Stress Effects On Gut Health Of Chickensmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review of heat stress in chickens. Part I: Insights into physiology and gut health

et al. 2022

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Heat stress (HS) compromises the yield and quality of poultry products and endangers the sustainability of the poultry industry. Despite being homeothermic, chickens, especially fast-growing broiler lines, are particularly sensitive to HS due to the phylogenetic absence of sweat glands, along with the artificial selection-caused increase in metabolic rates and limited development of cardiovascular and respiratory systems. Clinical signs and consequences of HS are multifaceted and include alterations in behavior (e.g., lethargy, decreased feed intake, and panting), metabolism (e.g., catabolic state, fat accumulation, and reduced skeletal muscle accretion), general homeostasis (e.g., alkalosis, hormonal imbalance, immunodeficiency, inflammation, and oxidative stress), and gastrointestinal tract function (e.g., digestive and absorptive disorders, enteritis, paracellular barrier failure, and dysbiosis). Poultry scientists and companies have made great efforts to develop effective solutions to counteract the detrimental effects of HS on health and performance of chickens. Feeding and nutrition have been shown to play a key role in combating HS in chicken husbandry. Nutritional strategies that enhance protein and energy utilization as well as dietary interventions intended to restore intestinal eubiosis are of increasing interest because of the marked effects of HS on feed intake, nutrient metabolism, and gut health. Hence, the present review series, divided into Part I and Part II, seeks to synthesize information on the effects of HS on physiology, gut health, and performance of chickens, with emphasis on potential solutions adopted in broiler chicken nutrition to alleviate these effects. Part I provides introductory knowledge on HS physiology to make good use of the nutritional themes covered by Part II.

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The avian enteric immune system in health and disease

Cited by 12 publications

References 265 publications

Effects of Salmonella enteritidis Infection on TLR Genes Expression and Microbial Diversity in Laying Hens

Effects of Salmonella enteritidis Infection on TLR Genes Expression and Microbial Diversity in Laying Hens

Light and transmission electron microscopic evaluation of the lamina epithelialis mucosae in the ileum of pre‐ and post‐hatch broiler chicken

A review of heat stress in chickens. Part I: Insights into physiology and gut health

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