The Axioms and Principal Results of Classical Test Theory

Novick, Melvin R.

doi:10.1002/j.2333-8504.1965.tb00132.x

Cited by 137 publications

(181 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…This theory evaluates rating scales in terms of their reliability, validity, and responsiveness. It assumes that the observed score (O) is the true score (T) plus measurement error (E), that is, O = T + E [67]. However, the values of T and E cannot be computed, and only the observed score is obtained and analyzed.…”

Section: Measurement Theories: Classical Test Theory and Latent Traitmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Spectrum of Functional Rating Scales in Neurology Clinical Trials

Narayanaswami

2017

Neurotherapeutics

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The selection of an appropriate outcome measure is crucial to the success of a clinical trial, in order to obtain accurate results, which, in turn, influence patient care and future research. Outcomes that can be directly measured are mortality/survival. More frequently, neurology clinical trials evaluate outcomes that cannot be directly measured, such as disability, cognitive function, or change in symptoms of the condition under study. These complex outcomes are abstract ideas or latent constructs and are measured using rating scales. Functional rating scales typically assess the ability of patients to perform tasks and roles for everyday life. Rating scales should be valid (measure what they are supposed to measure), reliable (provide similar results if administered under the same conditions), and responsive (able to detect clinically important changes over time). The clinical relevance of rating scales depends on their ability to detect a minimal clinically important difference, and should be distinguished from statistical significance. Most rating scales are ordinal scales and have limitations. Modern psychometric methods of Rasch analysis and item response theory, termed latent trait theory, are increasingly being utilized to convert ordinal data to interval measurements, both to validate existing scales and to develop new scales. Patient-reported outcomes are being increasingly used in clinical trials and have a role in clinical quality assessment. The PROMIS and NeuroQoL databases are excellent resources for rigorously developed and validated patientreported outcomes.

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Section: Measurement Theories: Classical Test Theory and Latent Traitmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Spectrum of Functional Rating Scales in Neurology Clinical Trials

Narayanaswami

2017

Neurotherapeutics

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“…On a more general level, ETS researchers have played major roles in developing the CTT model and in putting it on firm foundations (Lord 1965;Novick 1965 …”

Section: Classical Test Theory and Reliabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Research on Validity Theory and Practice at ETS

Kane

Bridgeman

2017

Methodology of Educational Measurement and Assessment

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Educational Testing Service (ETS) was founded with a dual mission: to provide high-quality testing programs that would enhance educational decisions and to improve the theory and practice of testing in education through research and development (Bennett 2005; Educational Testing Service 1992). Since its inception in 1947, ETS has consistently evaluated its testing programs to help ensure that they meet high standards of technical and operational quality, and where new theory and new methods were called for, ETS researchers made major contributions to the conceptual frameworks and methodology.This chapter reviews ETS's contributions to validity theory and practice at various levels of generality, including overarching frameworks (Messick 1988(Messick , 1989, more targeted models for issues such as fairness, and particular analytic methodologies (e.g., reliability, equating, differential item functioning). The emphasis will be on contributions to the theory of validity and, secondarily, on the practice of validation rather than on specific methodologies. Validity TheoryGeneral conceptions of validity grew out of basic concerns about the accuracy of score meanings and the appropriateness of score uses (Kelley 1927), and they have necessarily evolved over time as test score uses have expanded, as proposed interpretations have been extended and refined, and as the methodology of testing has become more sophisticated.

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“…27 However, the fact that these methods are derived from CTT means that their appropriateness requires that the theory and assumptions of CTT are supported by the data. If these requirements are not met, the conclusions arising from the data analysis may be incorrect.…”

Section: A Shows That a Variable Here Multiple Sclerosis (Ms) Disabimentioning

confidence: 99%

Rating Scales for Clinical Studies in Neurology—Challenges and Opportunities

Hobart¹,

Cano²

2008

US Neurology

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Rating scales are increasingly used as primary or secondary outcome measures in clinical studies in neurology.1 They are therefore becoming the key dependent variables upon which decisions are made that influence patient care and guide future research. The adequacy of these decisions depends directly on the scientific quality of the rating scales, which is reflected by the increased application of rating scale science

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The Axioms and Principal Results of Classical Test Theory

Cited by 137 publications

References 10 publications

The Spectrum of Functional Rating Scales in Neurology Clinical Trials

The Spectrum of Functional Rating Scales in Neurology Clinical Trials

Research on Validity Theory and Practice at ETS

Rating Scales for Clinical Studies in Neurology—Challenges and Opportunities

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