The axonal transport of mitochondria

Saxton, William M.; Hollenbeck, Peter J.

doi:10.1242/jcs.053850

Cited by 635 publications

(414 citation statements)

References 166 publications

(221 reference statements)

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“…Molecular motors transport various types of cargos [388,112,237] of different sizes, such as filament precursors, mRNA granules [377], lipid droplets [389], viral capsids [232], lysosomes, or even objects as large as mitochondria [162,21,322].…”

Section: Motor-cargo Complexesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intracellular transport driven by cytoskeletal motors: General mechanisms and defects

2015

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Cells are the elementary units of living organisms, which are able to carry out many vital functions. These functions rely on active processes on a microscopic scale. Therefore, they are strongly out-of-equilibrium systems, which are driven by continuous energy supply. The tasks that have to be performed in order to maintain the cell alive require transportation of various ingredients, some being small, others being large. Intracellular transport processes are able to induce concentration gradients and to carry objects to specific targets. These processes cannot be carried out only by diffusion, as cells may be crowded, and quite elongated on molecular scales. Therefore active transport has to be organized.The cytoskeleton, which is composed of three types of filaments (microtubules, actin and intermediate filaments), determines the shape of the cell, and plays a role in cell motion. It also serves as a road network for a special kind of vehicles, namely the cytoskeletal motors. These molecules can attach to a cytoskeletal filament, perform directed motion, possibly carrying along some cargo, and then detach.It is a central issue to understand how intracellular transport driven by molecular motors is regulated. The interest for this type of question was enhanced when it was discovered that intracellular transport breakdown is one of the signatures of some neuronal diseases like the Alzheimer.We give a survey of the current knowledge on microtubule based intracellular transport. Our review includes on the one hand an overview of biological facts, obtained from experiments, and on the other hand a presentation of some modeling attempts based on cellular automata. We present some background knowledge on the original and variants of the TASEP (Totally Asymmetric Simple Exclusion Process), before turning to more application oriented models. After addressing microtubule based transport in general, with a focus on in vitro experiments, and on cooperative effects in the transportation of large cargos by multiple motors, we concentrate on axonal transport, because of its relevance for neuronal diseases. Some important characteristics of axonal transport is that it takes place in a confined environment; Besides several types of motors are involved, that move in opposite directions. It is a challenge to understand how this bidirectional transport is organized. We review several features that could contribute to the efficiency of bidirectional transport in the axon, including in particular the role of motor-motor interactions and of the dynamics of the underlying microtubule network. Finally, we also discuss some open questions that may be relevant for future research in this field.

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Section: Motor-cargo Complexesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intracellular transport driven by cytoskeletal motors: General mechanisms and defects

2015

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“…Interactions between Schwann cells and axons also guide cell adhesion molecules and ion channels into distinct axonal domains, the nodes of Ranvier and internodes, a pre-requisite for efficient saltatory conduction (Eshed-Eisenbach and Peles, 2013). Finally, intact myelin provides signals for radial axonal growth and enhances axonal transport, which is impaired in demyelinating diseases (de Waegh et al, 1992;Watson et al, 1994;Kiryu-Seo et al, 2010;Saxton and Hollenbeck, 2012).…”

Section: Entry Into the Myelination Programmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neuregulin/ErbB Signaling in Developmental Myelin Formation and Nerve Repair

Birchmeier

Bennett

2016

Current Topics in Developmental Biology

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Myelin is essential for rapid and accurate conduction of electrical impulses by axons in the central and peripheral nervous system. Myelin is formed in the early postnatal period, and developmental myelination in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) depends on axonal signals provided by Nrg1/ErbB receptors. In addition, Nrg1 is required for effective nerve repair and remyelination in adulthood. We discuss here similarities and differences in Nrg1/ErbB functions in developmental myelination and remyelination after nerve injury.

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“…During the last decade it has become increasingly clear that mitochondrial (dys)functioning, amount, (ultra)structure and subcellular positioning are tightly interconnected (e.g. [18][19][20][21][22][23]). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Regulation and Quantification of Cellular Mitochondrial Morphology and Content

Tronstad¹,

Nooteboom²,

Nilsson³

et al. 2014

CPD

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Running title: Regulation and quantification of mitochondrial morphology and content. Word count: 15,454 (total)Characters: 107,091 (including spaces); 92,067 (excluding spaces) Keywords: mitochondrial biogenesis, mitochondrial dynamics, mitochondrial degradation, living cells, TMRM, microscopy, segmentation, image analysis.Page 2 of 37 ABSTRACTMitochondria play a key role in signal transduction, redox homeostasis and cell survival, which extends far beyond their classical functioning in ATP production and energy metabolism. In living cells, mitochondrial content ("mitochondrial mass") depends on the cell-controlled balance between mitochondrial biogenesis and degradation. These processes are intricately linked to changes in net mitochondrial morphology and spatiotemporal positioning ("mitochondrial dynamics"), which are governed by mitochondrial fusion, fission and motility. It is becoming increasingly clear that mitochondrial mass and dynamics, as well as its ultrastructure and volume, are mechanistically linked to mitochondrial function and the cell. This means that proper quantification of mitochondrial morphology and content is of prime importance in understanding mitochondrial and cellular physiology in health and disease. This review first presents how cellular mitochondrial content is regulated at the level of mitochondrial biogenesis, degradation and dynamics. Next we discuss how mitochondrial dynamics and content can be analyzed with a special emphasis on quantitative live-cell microscopy strategies.

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The axonal transport of mitochondria

Cited by 635 publications

References 166 publications

Intracellular transport driven by cytoskeletal motors: General mechanisms and defects

Intracellular transport driven by cytoskeletal motors: General mechanisms and defects

Neuregulin/ErbB Signaling in Developmental Myelin Formation and Nerve Repair

Regulation and Quantification of Cellular Mitochondrial Morphology and Content

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