The axoneme: the propulsive engine of spermatozoa and cilia and associated ciliopathies leading to infertility

Linck, Richard W.; Chemes, H; Albertini, David F.

doi:10.1007/s10815-016-0652-1

Cited by 101 publications

(74 citation statements)

References 156 publications

(186 reference statements)

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“…To date, similar ODF structures have been found in mammalian sperm and some invertebrate sperm, for example that of octopi and squid, but not in the sperm of other species or in cilia, which are similar in structure to the flagellum . The number of ODFs is evolutionarily conserved, but the morphology of ODFs exhibits wide variation among species, even in each segment of flagellum in one species.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

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Outer dense fibers stabilize the axoneme to maintain sperm motility

Zhao

Ping

et al. 2017

J Cellular Molecular Medi

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Outer dense fibers (ODFs), as unique accessory structures in mammalian sperm, are considered to play a role in the protection of the sperm tail against shear forces. However, the role and relevant mechanisms of ODFs in modulating sperm motility and its pathological involvement in asthenozoospermia were unknown. Here, we found that the percentage of ODF defects was higher in asthenozoospermic samples than that in control samples and was significantly correlated with the percentage of axoneme defects and non‐motile sperm. Furthermore, the expression levels of ODF major components (Odf1, 2, 3, 4) were frequently down‐regulated in asthenozoospermic samples. Intriguingly, the positive relationship between ODF size and sperm motility existed across species. The conditional disruption of Odf2 expression in mice led to reduced sperm motility and the characteristics of asthenozoospermia. Meanwhile, the expression of acetylated α‐tubulin was decreased in sperm from both Odf2 conditional knockout (cKO) mice and asthenozoospermic men. Immunofluorescence and biochemistry analyses showed that Odf2 could bind to acetylated α‐tubulin and protect the acetylation level of α‐tubulin in HEK293T cells in a cold environment. Finally, we found that lithium elevated the expression levels of Odf family proteins and acetylated α‐tubulin, elongated the midpiece length and increased the percentage of rapidly moving sperm in mice. Our results demonstrate that ODFs are beneficial for sperm motility via stabilization of the axoneme and that hypo‐expression of Odf family proteins is involved in the pathogenesis of asthenozoospermia. The lithium administration assay will provide valuable insights into the development of new treatments for asthenozoospermia.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…However, how Odf1 affects the axoneme and motility of sperm is unknown. In addition, the functions of Odf3 and 4 have not yet been explored in vivo. It is indispensable to produce Odf3 and Odf4 KO mice to decipher their roles in the construction of ODFs and axonemes and in the pathogenesis of asthenozoospermia.…”

Section: The Phenotypes Of Odf2 Cko Micementioning

confidence: 99%

Outer dense fibers stabilize the axoneme to maintain sperm motility

Zhao

Ping

et al. 2017

J Cellular Molecular Medi

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“…In most motile cilia, two central microtubules exist in the axoneme to form a structure composed of 9 pairs of microtubules + 2 central ones (Figure 1; Linck, Chemes, & Albertini, 2016), which is immediately assembled after meiosis (Linck et al, 2016). In most motile cilia, two central microtubules exist in the axoneme to form a structure composed of 9 pairs of microtubules + 2 central ones (Figure 1; Linck, Chemes, & Albertini, 2016), which is immediately assembled after meiosis (Linck et al, 2016).…”

Section: Role Of Flagella/cilia In Sperm Motility and The Consequenmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…So, it is not surprising that genetic mutations exert a negative effect on activity or synthesis of the proteins involved in spermatozoa development, motility and, thus, fertility (Linck et al, 2016). So, it is not surprising that genetic mutations exert a negative effect on activity or synthesis of the proteins involved in spermatozoa development, motility and, thus, fertility (Linck et al, 2016).…”

Section: Sperm Motility and Genetic Contributionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Cilia's structure consists of a basal body, ciliary membrane structure and axoneme (nine pairs of microtubules as the central structure). In most motile cilia, two central microtubules exist in the axoneme to form a structure composed of 9 pairs of microtubules + 2 central ones ( Figure 1; Linck, Chemes, & Albertini, 2016), which is immediately assembled after meiosis (Linck et al, 2016). To each of these none pairs of microtubules, axonemal proteins, which are called dyneins and served as "arms," are attached ( Figure 1).…”

Section: Role Of Flagella/cilia In Sperm Motility and The Consequenmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Asthenozoospermia: Cellular and molecular contributing factors and treatment strategies

et al. 2019

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| INTRODUC TI ONIn recent years, many researchers have focused on possible factors leading to male infertility and revealed the existence of many cellular and molecular defects during sperm production and maturation. These defects finally affect the count and structure of spermatozoa and reduce the ability of spermatozoa to reach and fertilise the egg. A decrease in sperm motility, called "asthenozoospermia," is one of these important deficiencies, which is influenced by various cellular and molecular factors. After a brief explanation of the main cellular and molecular factors involved in reducing sperm motility, this review article presents some important treatment strategies to overcome sperm motility reduction. | DEFINITI ON AND PRE VALEN CEAccording to the reports released by the World Health Organization (WHO), about 20% of couples are infertile and infertility can be, at least partly, attributed to the male partner (Petok, 2015). Low sperm count, abnormal morphology and poor sperm motility are the common causes related to male factors. Based on the WHO guideline (2010), asthenozoospermia was defined as total motility <40% and progressive motility <32% in a semen sample (WHO, 2010).Severe asthenozoospermia was also characterised by total sperm immobility or very low motile spermatozoa in the semen sample. It seems that total sperm immobility is related to genetic disorders (Blouin et al., 2000). This will be explained in more detail below.Understating the cellular and molecular processes leading to sperm motility is required to help the researchers to address the subject of reduced sperm motility and produce an accurate diagnosis (Turner, 2003).To diagnose asthenozoospermia in individuals in an andrology laboratory, some important points must be taken into consideration to prevent false asthenozoospermia diagnosis. For instance, semen should not be collected in long abstinence days since the number of immotile spermatozoa is high in abstinence days. Also, semen AbstractSemen sample with poor sperm motility, which called asthenozoospermia, is considered as one of the main factors contributing to male infertility. Recognition of the cellular and molecular pathways contributing to sperm motility reduction may lead to applying novel treatment strategies for overcoming low sperm motility in asthenozoospermia individuals. In this review, we intend to discuss the main causes of sperm motility reduction in asthenozoospermia and some treatment strategies used to overcome low sperm motility. K E Y W O R D Sapoptosis, reactive oxygen species, spermiogenesis

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The flagellar germ‐line hypothesis: How flagellate and ciliate gametes significantly shaped the evolution of organismal complexity

Lindemann

2021

BioEssays

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This essay presents a hypothesis which contends that the development of organismic complexity in the eukaryotes depended extensively on propagation via flagellated and ciliated gametes. Organisms utilizing flagellate and ciliate gametes to propagate their germ line have contributed most of the organismic complexity found in the higher animals. The genes of the flagellum and the flagellar assembly system (intraflagellar transport) have played a disproportionately important role in the construction of complex tissues and organs. The hypothesis also proposes that competition between large numbers of haploid flagellated male gametes rigorously conserved the functionality of a key set of flagellar genes for more than 700 million years. This in turn has insured that a large set (>600) of highly functional cytoskeletal and signal pathway genes is always present in the lineage of organisms with flagellated or ciliated gametes to act as a dependable resource, or "toolkit," for organ elaboration. Also see the video abstract here: https://youtu.be/lC5nC-WOcm8

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The axoneme: the propulsive engine of spermatozoa and cilia and associated ciliopathies leading to infertility

Cited by 101 publications

References 156 publications

Outer dense fibers stabilize the axoneme to maintain sperm motility

Outer dense fibers stabilize the axoneme to maintain sperm motility

Asthenozoospermia: Cellular and molecular contributing factors and treatment strategies

The flagellar germ‐line hypothesis: How flagellate and ciliate gametes significantly shaped the evolution of organismal complexity

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