2015
DOI: 10.1007/s11515-015-1358-y
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The bacterial and host factors associated with extrapulmonary dissemination of Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Abstract: With high morbidity and mortality worldwide, tuberculosis (TB) is still an important public health threat. The majority of human TB cases are caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Although pulmonary TB is the most common presentation, M. tuberculosis can disseminate into other organs and causes extrapulmonary TB (EPTB). The dissemination of bacteria from the initial site of infection to other organs can lead to fatal diseases, such as miliary and meningeal TB. Thoroughly understanding the mechanisms and pathwa… Show more

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Cited by 22 publications
(12 citation statements)
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“…In addition, an increasing number of studies have also reported on host-pathogen interaction and clinical presentation of TB. Whilst a segment of these publications concluded that host-ethnicity related factors play a critical role in determining TB clinical phenotype [5, 8, 9], others suggested that MTBC lineages could be the main detriments of TB clinical presentation [10–12]. It is worth mentioning that these findings remain to a large extent inconsistent and variable from one population to another, urging for similar representative studies from each setting.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In addition, an increasing number of studies have also reported on host-pathogen interaction and clinical presentation of TB. Whilst a segment of these publications concluded that host-ethnicity related factors play a critical role in determining TB clinical phenotype [5, 8, 9], others suggested that MTBC lineages could be the main detriments of TB clinical presentation [10–12]. It is worth mentioning that these findings remain to a large extent inconsistent and variable from one population to another, urging for similar representative studies from each setting.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In our previous studies, ~56% of extrapulmonary TB cases were registered in our cohort of TB/HIV patients, including disseminated cases (19, 28). Although the association between HIV and overall TB (including pulmonary TB) is well-characterized (29), the relationship between extrapulmonary TB and HIV is less clear; the mechanisms related to the escape of Mtb to TB sites out of the lungs are not yet fully clarified, although extrapulmonary TB is very likely due to the reduction of CD4 + T cell counts in HIV-infected patients, since CD4 + T-helper cells are important for controlling of Mtb infection (3034).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Likewise, Yang et al reported that there are differences in the immunopathogenicity of pulmonary and extrapulmonary infections. The production of CCL2, CXCL9, and CXCL8 modifies the type of tuberculous disease that a patient has, and they play a special role in the formation of granuloma [80]. Patients with pulmonary TB showed lower levels of the cytokines studied than those with extrapulmonary TB.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 96%