The Bacterial Cell Surface

Hammond, Stephen M.; Lambert, Peter A.; Rycroft, Andrew N.

doi:10.1007/978-94-011-6553-2

Cited by 51 publications

(49 citation statements)

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“…To investigate this possible presence, a sample of murein was treated with 0.1 N NaOH for 2 h at room temperature, prior to muramidase digestion and HPLC analysis. Alkali treatment causes hydrolysis of the teichoic acid-murein linking unit, generating muropeptides with a MurNAc-modified residue which should be detectable as new or modified peaks in the HPLC elution pattern (26). However, no differences between control and alkali-treated samples were detected.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 96%

Structure of peptidoglycan from Thermus thermophilus HB8

et al. 1995

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 96%

Structure of peptidoglycan from Thermus thermophilus HB8

et al. 1995

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“…The gram-positive reaction is thought to depend on the exceptional thickness and rigidity of their peptidoglycan layer in gram-positive bacteria, which prevents leakage of crystal violet-protein complexes from the cell (8). Gram-positive bacteria have peptidoglycan layers approximately 50 times thicker than those of gram-negative bacteria, and the peptidoglycan strands are also more tightly crosslinked (22). Furthermore, teichoic and lipoteichoic acids are unique to gram-positive bacteria (4,15).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gram-Positive Bacteria Are Potent Inducers of Monocytic Interleukin-12 (IL-12) while Gram-Negative Bacteria Preferentially Stimulate IL-10 Production

2000

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Interleukin-10 (IL-10) and IL-12 are two cytokines secreted by monocytes/macrophages in response to bacterial products which have largely opposite effects on the immune system. IL-12 activates cytotoxicity and gamma interferon (IFN-␥) secretion by T cells and NK cells, whereas IL-10 inhibits these functions. In the present study, the capacities of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria to induce IL-10 and IL-12 were compared. Monocytes from blood donors were stimulated with UV-killed bacteria from each of seven grampositive and seven gram-negative bacterial species representing both aerobic and anaerobic commensals and pathogens. Gram-positive bacteria induced much more IL-12 than did gram-negative bacteria (median, 3,500 versus 120 pg/ml at an optimal dose of 25 bacteria/cell; P < 0.001), whereas gram-negative bacteria preferentially stimulated secretion of IL-10 (650 versus 200 pg/ml; P < 0.001). Gram-positive species also induced stronger major histocompatibility complex class II-restricted IFN-␥ production in unfractionated blood mononuclear cells than did gram-negative species (12,000 versus 3,600 pg/ml; P < 0.001). The poor IL-12-inducing capacity of gram-negative bacteria was not remediated by addition of blocking anti-IL-10 antibodies to the cultures. No isolated bacterial component could be identified that mimicked the potent induction of IL-12 by whole gram-positive bacteria, whereas purified LPS induced IL-10. The results suggest that gram-positive bacteria induce a cytokine pattern that promotes Th1 effector functions.

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“…These various components have many functions for bacteria such as protection from the environment, molecular-sieving, maintenance of bacterial cell shape, and altering the hydrophobicity or hydrophilicity on cell surfaces, (2,5,10). The assembly of these components may also determine the cell surface charge.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The cell surface charge of fast-and slow-growing bacteria isolated from a paddy soil.

Shingaki

Gorlach

Hattori

et al. 1994

J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol.

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In this study, the cell surface charge of 109 strains of the bacteria isolated from a paddy soil, which showed a wide range of growth rates (0.7-15.1 h doubling time), were examined. As found in the case of grassland-soil bacteria previously (Morisaki, H., Kasahara, Y., and Hattori, T., J. Gen. Appl. Miclobiol., 39, 65-74, 1993), among the strains, fast-growing isolates showed a greater level of negative charge at the cell surface at pH 7.0 compared with the slow-growing isolates. To determine the pH-dependence, the cell surface charge was measured as a function of pH varying from 2.4 to 9.0. Under acidic conditions (below pH 4.0), the negative cell-surface charge became lower. At the most acidic condition (pH 2.4) 34 out of 40 strains of the fast-growing bacteria showed a positive surface charge. This change in the cell surface charge caused by pH-shift from neutral to acidic condition, which was considered to be because charged functional groups (weak acids such as carboxylic acid) existing or exposed at the cell surface lost their negative charge, was greater for the fast-growing isolates than that for the slow-growing ones.Many works have been reported concerning the cell surface charge of bacteria and the functions of the cell surface charge has been considered in various ways, e.g., interaction of bacterial cells with electrically charged surfaces, macrophages, complement as cellular immune defenses of the eukaryotic host, bacteriophages or cells themselves through electrostatic interaction (1, 4, 9,11).

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The Bacterial Cell Surface

Cited by 51 publications

References 0 publications

Structure of peptidoglycan from Thermus thermophilus HB8

Structure of peptidoglycan from Thermus thermophilus HB8

Gram-Positive Bacteria Are Potent Inducers of Monocytic Interleukin-12 (IL-12) while Gram-Negative Bacteria Preferentially Stimulate IL-10 Production

The cell surface charge of fast-and slow-growing bacteria isolated from a paddy soil.

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