The bacterial flora of the normal canine vagina compared with that of vaginal exudates

Hirsh, Dwight C.; Wiger, Nina

doi:10.1111/j.1748-5827.1977.tb05820.x

Cited by 26 publications

(18 citation statements)

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“…The species of bacteria in the uterus, cervix and vagina of the bitch during pro-oestrus and oestrus were similar to those previously isolated from the vagina (Hirsh and Wiger 1977, Baba and others 1983, Olson and others 1986, Bjurstrom and Linde-Forsberg 1992. Haemophilus species has been suggested as a cause of vaginitis (Osbaldiston 1971) but was not associated with any reproductive tract disease in our study.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

Uterine, cervical and vaginal microflora of the normal bitch throughout the reproductive cycle

Watts

Wright

Whithear

1996

J of Small Animal Practice

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Samples for microbiological culture were collected from the uterus of bitches using transcervical uterine cannulation (31 samples, 23 bitches) and from the uterus, cervix and vagina post mortem (19 bitches) at all stages of the reproductive cycle. Samples were cultured for aerobic and anaerobic bacteria and for aerobic mycoplasmas. Bacteria were always found in the uterus during pro-oestrus and oestrus (12 positive in 12 cultures) and rarely at other stages of the reproductive cycle: during anoestrus (one in 14) and other stages (none in 24). When microorganisms were detected at three sites post mortem, those found in the cervix and vagina were always of the same species as those found in the uterus. In six out of 13 instances, microorganisms were found in the cervix or vagina when none were found in the uterus. The mean number of isolates, number of bacteria seen in uterine cytology and bacterial growth were greater (P < 0.005) during oestrus and pro-oestrus than at other stages. Bacteria isolated from the uterus, in order of frequency, were Escherichia coli, Haemophilus species, alpha-haemolytic streptococci, Corynebacterium species, Streptococcus canis, Alcaligenes faecalis, Bacteroides species, Pasteurella species and Proteus mirabilis. No mycoplasmas were cultured from the samples. This study indicates that the uterus of the normal bitch has a uterine microflora during pro-oestrus and oestrus that is similar to that of the vagina and cervix.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

Uterine, cervical and vaginal microflora of the normal bitch throughout the reproductive cycle

Watts

Wright

Whithear

1996

J of Small Animal Practice

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“…), information on sources of bacteria in newborn dogs is still limited. E. coli is part of the normal intestinal flora in dogs and can also be isolated from the vagina in healthy female animals (Hirsh and Wieger ; Olson and Mather ; van Duijkeren ). Vaginal discharge (Bjurström ), faecal bacteria, bacteria of the oral cavity (Münnich and Lübke‐Becker ) and the contaminated environment are potential sources of infections in young dogs, similar to the situation in humans (Saizou et al.…”

Section: Infectious Diseases – Bacterial Infectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Causes, Diagnosis and Therapy of Common Diseases in Neonatal Puppies in the First Days of Life: Cornerstones of Practical Approach

Münnich¹,

Küchenmeister²

2014

Reprod Domestic Animals

109

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Contents Neonatal diseases and losses are a common and often unavoidable problem within breeding kennels. Altogether, morbidity and mortality ranges, according to the literature, from 5 to 35%. Among non‐infectious causes besides hypoxia during birth, hypothermia, hypoglycaemia and dehydration are mostly responsible for puppy diseases and losses. Approximately 90% of all deaths in hypoxaemic pups occur during the first 2 days. Of 183 pups with hypoxia, 63 died, 92.7% of them within 48 h after birth. Among infectious causes, bacterial infection is the most common cause of neonatal mortality. Escherichia coli, streptococci, staphylococci, Pseudomonas sp., Klebsiella sp., Enterobacter sp. and some other micro‐organisms are regularly involved in neonatal infections. Post‐mortem findings especially document E. coli, Staphylococcus sp. and Streptococcus sp. as responsible bacteria. The dam and the environment are suspected as sources of neonatal infections as it was shown by genetic relatedness of responsible bacterial strains isolated in both puppies and their dams. From a total of 517 puppies with bacterial infections, the treatment results documented that parenteral administration of amoxicillin/clavulanic acid in 308 neonates showed the best result. Diagnosis of diseases is often made difficult by the absence of variability in clinical signs contrary to adult dogs. Findings during a physical examination in pups differ from those in adults. Furthermore, treatment recommendations have to meet the special conditions in neonates concerning drug metabolism and excretion.

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“…and Moraxella spp. [8][9][10]14,15,[17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26]. Some of these bacteria are isolated from both fertile and infertile dogs [2] with similar types of aerobes as part of the vaginal microflora of both groups of animals [11].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Different investigations have shown that microorganisms into the vagina of clinically healthy bitches are isolated also from patients with genital system inflammation [13,17]. The most common are E. coli, Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus spp.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Normal and Pathological Vaginal Microflora in the Bitch-A Review

Antonov

2019

JAMB

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The vagina is not only a place for the development of various microorganisms, but also serves as a border before reaching the uterus of all mammals. Determining the qualitative and quantitative specifics of vaginal bacterial flora is of great importance for a better understanding of genital pathology mechanism, clinical diagnosis, management and antibiotic treatment of reproductive diseases in the bitch.

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The bacterial flora of the normal canine vagina compared with that of vaginal exudates

Cited by 26 publications

References 0 publications

Uterine, cervical and vaginal microflora of the normal bitch throughout the reproductive cycle

Uterine, cervical and vaginal microflora of the normal bitch throughout the reproductive cycle

Causes, Diagnosis and Therapy of Common Diseases in Neonatal Puppies in the First Days of Life: Cornerstones of Practical Approach

Normal and Pathological Vaginal Microflora in the Bitch-A Review

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