The BALB/c Mouse as a Model to Study Orthopoxviruses

Buller, R. Mark

doi:10.1007/978-3-642-70740-7_22

Cited by 11 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Severe atrophy of the thymus is seen in several infections [43] including acute viral infections, such as rabies [44,45], measles [46,47], mouse hepatitis [48], and Ebola viruses [49]. Although inoculation of ectromelia virus into the food-pad of BALB/c mouse is known to cause the necrosis of thymus as well as other lymphatic tissues [50], there has been no description of thymus atrophy in mice induced by respiratory infection with VV. It is not known whether RSV, PVM, adenovirus and influenza A virus cause thymus atrophy when immune suppression of T cells is observed in the lung.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pathogeneses of respiratory infections with virulent and attenuated vaccinia viruses

Hayasaka

Ennis

Terajima

2007

Virol J

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Background: Respiratory infection with the neurovirulent vaccinia virus (VV) strain Western Reserve (WR) results in an acute infection of the lung followed by dissemination of the virus to other organs and causes lethality in mice. The mechanisms of lethality are not well-understood. In this study, we analyzed virus replication and host immune responses after intranasal infection with lethal and non-lethal doses of VV using the WR strain and the less virulent Wyeth strain.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pathogeneses of respiratory infections with virulent and attenuated vaccinia viruses

Hayasaka

Ennis

Terajima

2007

Virol J

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“…After the secondary viremia, virus is again detected in the skin. 5 Based on our morphological data, CPXV antigen was detected in the epidermal cells and cutaneous mesenchymal cells (fibrocytes, histiocytes, or macrophages) and sporadically within the regional lymph nodes (mandibular lymph node) associated with lymphocyte necrosis. Further internal organs were not affected.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical Course and Pathology in Rats (Rattus norvegicus) After Experimental Cowpox Virus Infection by Percutaneous and Intranasal Application

et al. 2012

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Recently, several cases of human cowpox virus (CPXV) infections were reported in France and Germany, which had been acquired through close contact with infected pet rats. The animals exhibited respiratory signs or skin lesions and died shortly after purchase. After natural infection of white rats with CPXV in the USSR in 1978, a peracute pulmonary form, a milder dermal form, and a mixed form exhibiting features of both have been described. To the best of the authors' knowledge, 3 experimental cowpox virus infection studies using rats have been performed to date; however, neither results of histomorphological examinations nor immunohistochemical analyses have yet been reported in rats after experimental infections. To investigate the impact of the infection route on the clinical course, the development of lesions, and tropism, rats were infected intradermally, intranasally, or by a combination of both routes. The authors found a correlation between clinical manifestation, pathology, and infection routes. Intradermal and contact exposure yielded a mild dermal form, characterized by the development of vesiculopustular dermatitis. In contrast, intranasally infected animals died peracutely, showing severe dyspnea. Occasionally, a combination of the dermal and the respiratory form occurred after intranasal infection. Immunohistochemically, CPXV antigen was detected in the epithelial and mesenchymal cells of the upper respiratory tract and affected skin lesions and rarely in mesenchymal cells of lymph nodes. This is the first histomorphological and immunohistochemical analysis of CPXV in rats after experimental infection.

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“…After localized replication in regional lymph nodes, primary viremia ensues, resulting in infection of liver and spleen, followed by secondary viremia and seeding of other tissues via a monocytic cell-associated viremia. 14,33 If mice survive the acute phase, they develop a generalized maculopapular rash similar to that seen in humans with smallpox. 30,33 Bilateral conjunctivitis may also be present, and large amounts of virus are shed in ocular discharge.…”

Section: Ectromelia Virusmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Tail scarification usually produces a localized self-limiting infection, although virus recovery from the spleen, thymus, lung, and liver has been described. 14 An advantage of tail scarification is that it provides a means of evaluating smallpox vaccination; namely, the lesions progress from the pustular stage to the scab stage and, upon separation, to a scar that is similar to the ''clinical take'' in human smallpox vaccination. 83 According to Tscharke et al, vaccination of the ear pinna causes less distress for the mice than that of footpad inoculation, and sectioning of the tissue for histology is easier than it is with the tail.…”

Section: Vaccinia Virusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Animal Models of Orthopoxvirus Infection

et al. 2010

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Smallpox was one of the most devastating diseases known to humanity. Although smallpox was eradicated through a historically successful vaccination campaign, there is concern in the global community that either Variola virus (VARV), the causative agent of smallpox, or another species of Orthopoxvirus could be used as agents of bioterrorism. Therefore, development of countermeasures to Orthopoxvirus infection is a crucial focus in biodefense research, and these efforts rely on the use of various animal models. Smallpox typically presented as a generalized pustular rash with 30 to 40% mortality, and although smallpox-like syndromes can be induced in cynomolgus macaques with VARV, research with this virus is highly restricted; therefore, animal models with other orthopoxviruses have been investigated. Monkeypox virus causes a generalized vesiculopustular rash in rhesus and cynomolgus macaques and induces fatal systemic disease in several rodent species. Ectromelia virus has been extensively studied in mice as a model of orthopoxviral infection in its natural host. Intranasal inoculation of mice with some strains of vaccinia virus produces fatal bronchopneumonia, as does aerosol or intranasal inoculation of mice with cowpox virus. Rabbitpox virus causes pneumonia and fatal systemic infections in rabbits and can be naturally transmitted between rabbits by an aerosol route similar to that of VARV in humans. No single animal model recapitulates all known aspects of human Orthopoxvirus infections, and each model has its advantages and disadvantages. This article provides a brief review of the Orthopoxvirus diseases of humans and the key pathologic features of animal models of Orthopoxvirus infections.

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The BALB/c Mouse as a Model to Study Orthopoxviruses

Cited by 11 publications

References 26 publications

Pathogeneses of respiratory infections with virulent and attenuated vaccinia viruses

Pathogeneses of respiratory infections with virulent and attenuated vaccinia viruses

Clinical Course and Pathology in Rats (Rattus norvegicus) After Experimental Cowpox Virus Infection by Percutaneous and Intranasal Application

Animal Models of Orthopoxvirus Infection

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