The bald-sea-urchin disease: a biopathological approach

Maes, P.; Jangoux, Michel

doi:10.1007/bf01989306

Cited by 58 publications

(72 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…This finding corresponds with previous studies which have found similar pathogenicity for two other urchin diseases i.e. bald sea urchin disease (Maes & Jangoux 1984, Maes & Jangoux 1985 and deep sea vibrio urchin disease (Bauer & Young 2000), whereby the coelomic fluid of these urchins were also infected by bacteria during disease outbreaks.…”

Section: H Purpurascens (Supplementarysupporting

confidence: 92%

New disease outbreak affects two dominant sea urchin species associated with Australian temperate reefs

Sweet

Bulling

Williamson³

2016

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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Diseases of sea urchins have been implicated in dramatic transitions of marine ecosystems.Although, no definitive causal agent has been found for many of these outbreaks, most are hypothesised to be waterborne and bacterial. Here we show the first report of a novel disease affecting at least two species of urchins off the south-eastern coast of Australia. The etiological agent; identified via a range of molecular techniques, immuno-histology and inoculation experiments, is found to be the opportunistic pathogen, Vibrio anguillarum. The disease appears to be temperature-dependent, with a faster transmission rate and increase in prevalence during experimental trials conducted at higher temperatures. Furthermore, analysis of long term field data, suggests that it may have already reached epidemic proportions (R 0 = 1.09). With the increases in ocean temperatures brought about by climate change, this novel urchin disease may pose a severe problem for the organisms associated with the temperate reefs off Australia and/or the ecosystem as a whole.

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Section: H Purpurascens (Supplementarysupporting

confidence: 92%

New disease outbreak affects two dominant sea urchin species associated with Australian temperate reefs

Sweet

Bulling

Williamson³

2016

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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“…Lesions on Tripneustes gratilla induced by Vexilla vexillum showed several similarities with those of echinoids affected by the bald sea urchin disease described by Maes & Jangoux (1984). In both cases, lesions appeared, which were devoid of epidermis and appendages and displayed a dark green to black colouration.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 51%

“…Such lesions, described by Maes & Jangoux (1984) as the 'bald sea urchin disease', were noted for the first time in California in 1970 (Johnson 1971) and have been recorded since 1978 in the Mediterranean Sea (Höbaus et al 1981). A similar disease, the spotting disease, was also observed in Japanese echinoid hatcheries during summer (Tajima et al 1997).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbiological study of the body wall lesions of the echinoid Tripneustes gratilla

Becker¹,

Gillan²,

Eeckhaut³

2007

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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The microbiota of the body wall lesions of the echinoid Tripneustes gratilla, initiated by the grazing action of the parasitic gastropod Vexilla vexillum, was investigated with a pluridisciplinary approach. Parasitised sea urchins showed body wall lesions strongly infected by bacteria that progressed through the test and reached the coelomic cavity after ca. 1 mo. We report here on the bacterial community observed in lesions of echinoids collected in situ and on the bacteria that successively appeared during laboratory experiments. Two Alphaproteobacteria, a CFB (Cytophaga-Flavobacterium-Bacteroides) bacterium, 3 Vibrio species and Exiguobacterium aestuarii were identified in the field-collected lesions by 16S rDNA sequencing. The last 4 bacteria were cultured and each induced the disease when inoculated on scalpel-made wounds, with 100% of the individuals infected within 2 d. Scalpel-induced scarifications tended to heal within 3 wk, while gastropod-induced lesions evolved into disease, suggesting a role of Vexilla vexillum in the development of the infection. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and sequencing suggest that (1) bacteria associated with healthy integument were not present in the lesions and were thus not responsible for their infection, (2) Alphaproteobacteria with close phylogenetic affiliation with other bacteria involved in several diseases affecting marine invertebrates were present, and (3) these Alphaproteobacteria were present from the beginning of the infection and appeared earlier in the infection than other bacteria such as CFB bacteria. KEY WORDS: Echinoderm · DGGE · Bacteria · Infection · Lesion · Gastropod Resale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisherDis Aquat Org 77: [73][74][75][76][77][78][79][80][81][82] 2007 gastropod grazes the body surface, which progressively turns black as the infection by microorganisms develops. Infections then progress through the test, often causing fatal perforations (Vaïtilingon et al. 2004). The present study examines this infection that leads to the death of T. gratilla. Microscopic, microbiological and molecular techniques were used to characterise and identify the microbial community associated with the lesions. The role of the gastropod in the infection is also investigated. This is the first report of a bacterial infection affecting sea urchins in the Indian Ocean. (Linnaeus, 1758) and Vexilla vexillum (Gmelin, 1791) individuals were collected by hand at low tide on the barrier reef off Toliara, Madagascar, from January to February 2004 and in February 2005. The collection site, Ambatobe (23°25' 00'' S, 43°39' 23'' E), was located on the boulder tract of the seaward slope of the reef flat. Eight lesions (named 'field-collected lesions' hereafter) were sampled on the reef, of which 4 were fixed in non-acetic Bouin's fluid for scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and 4 in absolute ethanol for molecular analyses. Other specimens were brought to the laboratory and left in aquaria with running s...

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“…However, some echinoderm mass mortalities have been suggested to be due to microorganisms, e.g. in the asteroid Heliaster kubinjii (Dungan et al, 1982) and several species of echinoids (Johnson, 1971;Pearse et al, 1977;HSbaus et al, 1981;Maes & Jangoux, 1984). These echinoids suffered from a conspicuous condition -the "bald-sea-urchin" disease -that alters the outer surface of the body wall.…”

Section: Diseases Caused By Microorganismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diseases of echinoderms

Jangoux

1984

Helgolander Meeresunters

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Diseases of echinoderms are poorly documented. Most reports concern biotic diseases caused by animal agents. While parasites on echinoderms have been described in increasing numbers of papers for more than one century, the host-parasite relationship and the effects of parasitism on echinoderm life-cycles were rarely considered. The parasitic fauna differs markedly according to the echinoderm group concerned, depending on various factors such as feeding-habits or symbiogenesis. Microorganismic diseases undoubtedly occur in echinoderms but they were not investigated until recently. Microorganisms have frequently been assumed to act as agents causing mass mortalities. As for stress-caused diseases, the only -and very preliminary -data available concern almost exclusively those induced by pollution. Since echinoderms are major components of benthic ecosystems, echinoderm diseases may be expected to exert prominent ecological effects.

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The bald-sea-urchin disease: a biopathological approach

Cited by 58 publications

References 2 publications

New disease outbreak affects two dominant sea urchin species associated with Australian temperate reefs

New disease outbreak affects two dominant sea urchin species associated with Australian temperate reefs

Microbiological study of the body wall lesions of the echinoid Tripneustes gratilla

Diseases of echinoderms

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