The “Bankart knee”: high‐grade impression fractures of the posterolateral tibial plateau lead to increased translational and anterolateral rotational instability of the ACL‐deficient knee

Abstract

Purpose The aim of this biomechanical cadaver study was to evaluate the effects of high-grade posterolateral tibia plateau fractures on the kinematics of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)-deficient joints; it was hypothesized that, owing to the loss of the integrity of the osseous support of the posterior horn of the lateral meniscus (PHLM), these fractures would influence the biomechanical function of the lateral meniscus (LM) and consequently lead to an increase in anterior translational and anterolateral rotational (ALR) instability. Methods Eight fresh-frozen cadaveric knees were tested using a six-degree-of-freedom robotic setup (KR 125, KUKA Robotics, Germany) with an attached optical tracking system (Optotrack Certus Motion Capture, Northern Digital, Canada). After the passive path from 0 to 90° was established, a simulated Lachman test and pivot-shift test as well as external rotation (ER) and internal rotation (IR) were applied at 0°, 30°, 60° and 90° of flexion under constant 200 N axial loading. All of the parameters were initially tested in the intact and ACL-deficient states, followed by two different types of posterolateral impression fractures. The dislocation height was 10 mm, and the width was 15 mm in both groups. The intraarticular depth of the fracture corresponded to half of the width of the posterior horn of the lateral meniscus in the first group (Bankart 1) and 100% of the meniscus width in the second group (Bankart 2). Results There was a significant decrease in knee stability after both types of posterolateral tibial plateau fractures in the ACL-deficient specimens, with increased anterior translation in the simulated Lachman test at 0° and 30° of knee flexion (p = 0.012). The same effect was seen with regard to the simulated pivot-shift test and IR of the tibia (p = 0.0002). In the ER and posterior drawer tests, ACL deficiency and concomitant fractures did not influence knee kinematics (n.s.). Conclusion This study demonstrates that high-grade impression fractures of the posterolateral aspect of the tibial plateau increase the instability of ACL-deficient knees and result in an increase in translational and anterolateral rotational instability.

Incidence and Characteristics of Knee Ligament and Meniscal Injuries in Patients With Posterolateral Tibial Plateau Fractures

“… 2 , 17 , 33 Although there is no consensus on the role of knee ligament and meniscus in the management of PTPFs, joint instability has been found in certain PTPFs in cases of knee ligament and meniscal injuries. 4 , 18 A few researchers have suggested that knee ligament and meniscal injuries should be considered as one of the key determinants when selecting therapeutic strategies for PTPFs. 17 , 33 Thus, investigations on associated knee ligament and meniscal injuries in PTPFs can assist surgeons in gaining a complete picture of the overall injury, thereby helping develop holistic solutions for these injuries.…”