The Barents and Chukchi Seas: Comparison of two Arctic shelf ecosystems

Hunt, George L.; Blanchard, Arny L.; Boveng, Peter L.; Dalpadado, Padmini; Drinkwater, Kenneth F.; Eisner, Lisa B.; Hopcroft, R.R.; Kovacs, Kit M.; Norcross, Brenda L.; Renaud, Paul E.; Reigstad, Marit; Renner, Martin; Skjoldal, Hein Rune; Whitehouse, George A.; Woodgate, Rebecca A.

doi:10.1016/j.jmarsys.2012.08.003

Cited by 142 publications

(88 citation statements)

References 197 publications

(258 reference statements)

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“…1 and 2). In spring, the mixture of Anadyr Water and Bering Shelf Water that enters the Chukchi Sea is depleted of large copepods because of the long transit time from the Bering Sea Basin, where they overwinter at depth (Springer et al, 1989;Hopcroft et al, 2010;Hunt et al, 2013). However, by mid-summer the Anadyr Water carries an estimated zooplankton biomass of 175-205 Â 10 3 tons dry mass d À1 (Springer et al, 1989) northward through the Chirikov Basin and into the Chukchi Sea as far as Barrow Canyon (Berline et al, 2008;Ashjian et al, 2010).…”

Section: Impacts Of Advection On Zooplankton In the Arcticmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…3). The most important of the advected zooplankton are euphausiids and copepods, especially Calanus finmarchicus, which is a major food source for juvenile Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua), herring (Clupea harengus) and capelin (Mallotus villosus) in the southern Barents Sea (Dalpadado and Bogstad, 2004;Pedersen and Fossheim, 2008;Dalpadado and Mowbray, 2013;Hunt et al, 2013). The estimated 8 Â 10 6 tons of zooplankton advected into the Barents Sea annually is equivalent to about one third of the annual zooplankton production in the southern Barents Sea (Dalpadado et al, 2012a;Dalpadado and Mowbray, 2013).…”

Section: Impacts Of Advection On Zooplankton In the Arcticmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This advected zooplankton supplements, and in some cases dominates, the local zooplankton community and its secondary production, and may provide prey before local production has developed sufficiently to support planktivores. Thus, much of the biomass of large, lipid-rich copepods and euphausiids available to seabirds in the Chirikov Basin and Bering Strait is advected in Anadyr Water from the deep waters of the Bering Sea (Springer et al, 1989(Springer et al, , 1996Hunt et al, 2013). In the Chukchi Sea in summer, zooplankton advected in Anadyr and Bering Sea Water support high numbers of postbreeding seabirds (Springer et al, 1996;Piatt and Springer, 2003;Gall et al, 2013;Hunt et al, 2013).…”

Section: Advection and The Location Of Seabird Colonies And Pinniped mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus, much of the biomass of large, lipid-rich copepods and euphausiids available to seabirds in the Chirikov Basin and Bering Strait is advected in Anadyr Water from the deep waters of the Bering Sea (Springer et al, 1989(Springer et al, , 1996Hunt et al, 2013). In the Chukchi Sea in summer, zooplankton advected in Anadyr and Bering Sea Water support high numbers of postbreeding seabirds (Springer et al, 1996;Piatt and Springer, 2003;Gall et al, 2013;Hunt et al, 2013). Advection of zooplankton from the Bering Sea in Anadyr Water is also important in providing foraging opportunities for fin (Balaenoptera physalus), humpback (Megaptera novaeanglia), and bowhead (Balaena mysticetus) whales in the western Chukchi Sea (Dahlheim et al, 1980;HeideJørgensen et al, 2013;Hunt et al, 2013), where they feed on euphausiids in the Siberian Coastal Current front (Moore et al, 1995).…”

Section: Advection and The Location Of Seabird Colonies And Pinniped mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Such mechanistic information can also be used to understand and model other marine ecosystems where such comparisons have not been completed. Comparative studies have been successfully applied and have helped to understand the impacts of climate on marine ecosystems (e.g., Moline et al, 2008;Megrey et al, 2009;Barange et al, 2010;Mueter et al, 2012;Hunt et al, 2013). Many studies comparing the Arctic and Antarctic have been undertaken in the past, focusing on such topics as: climate change (Turner and Overland, 2009;Marshall et al, 2014), microbes (Bano et al, 2004), ice bacteria (Brinkmeyer et al, 2003), sea-ice algae and phytoplankton (Tremblay and Smith, 2007;Arrigo et al, 2010), foraminifera (Darling et al, 2000), fungi (Robinson, 2001), benthos (George, 1977;Starmans and Gutt, 2002;Zacher et al, 2009), zooplankton (Falk-Petersen et al, 2000;Deibel and Daly, 2007;Walkusz et al, 2004;McBride et al, 2014), fishes (Eastman, 1997;McBride et al, 2014) and seabirds (Hunt and Nettleship, 1988;Joiris, 2000).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Advection in polar and sub-polar environments: Impacts on high latitude marine ecosystems

Hunt

Drinkwater

Arrigo

et al. 2016

Progress in Oceanography

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a b s t r a c tWe compare and contrast the ecological impacts of atmospheric and oceanic circulation patterns on polar and sub-polar marine ecosystems. Circulation patterns differ strikingly between the north and south. Meridional circulation in the north provides connections between the sub-Arctic and Arctic despite the presence of encircling continental landmasses, whereas annular circulation patterns in the south tend to isolate Antarctic surface waters from those in the north. These differences influence fundamental aspects of the polar ecosystems from the amount, thickness and duration of sea ice, to the types of organisms, and the ecology of zooplankton, fish, seabirds and marine mammals. Meridional flows in both the North Pacific and the North Atlantic oceans transport heat, nutrients, and plankton northward into the Chukchi Sea, the Barents Sea, and the seas off the west coast of Greenland. In the North Atlantic, the advected heat warms the waters of the southern Barents Sea and, with advected nutrients and plankton, supports immense biomasses of fish, seabirds and marine mammals. On the Pacific side of the Arctic, cold waters flowing northward across the northern Bering and Chukchi seas during winter and spring limit the ability of boreal fish species to take advantage of high seasonal production there. Southward flow of cold Arctic waters into sub-Arctic regions of the North Atlantic occurs mainly through Fram Strait with less through the Barents Sea and the Canadian Archipelago. In the Pacific, the transport of Arctic waters and plankton southward through Bering Strait is minimal.In the Southern Ocean, the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and its associated fronts are barriers to the southward dispersal of plankton and pelagic fishes from sub-Antarctic waters, with the consequent evolution of Antarctic zooplankton and fish species largely occurring in isolation from those to the north. The Antarctic Circumpolar Current also disperses biota throughout the Southern Ocean, and as a result, the biota tends to be similar within a given broad latitudinal band. South of the Southern Boundary of the ACC, there is a large-scale divergence that brings nutrient-rich water to the surface. This divergence, along with more localized upwelling regions and deep vertical convection in winter, generates elevated nutrient levels throughout the Antarctic at the end of austral winter. However, such elevated nutrient levels do not support elevated phytoplankton productivity through the entire Southern Ocean, as iron concentrations are rapidly removed to limiting levels by spring blooms in deep waters. However, coastal http://dx

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Section: Impacts Of Advection On Zooplankton In the Arcticmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Impacts Of Advection On Zooplankton In the Arcticmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Advection and The Location Of Seabird Colonies And Pinniped mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Advection and The Location Of Seabird Colonies And Pinniped mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Advection in polar and sub-polar environments: Impacts on high latitude marine ecosystems

Hunt

Drinkwater

Arrigo

et al. 2016

Progress in Oceanography

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Seismic reflection imaging of mixing processes in Fram Strait

et al. 2015

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The West Spitsbergen Current, which flows northward along the western Svalbard continental slope, transports warm and saline Atlantic water (AW) into the Arctic Ocean. A combined analysis of high‐resolution seismic images and hydrographic sections across this current has uncovered the oceanographic processes involved in horizontal and vertical mixing of AW. At the shelf break, where a strong horizontal temperature gradient exists east of the warmest AW, isopycnal interleaving of warm AW and surrounding colder waters is observed. Strong seismic reflections characterize these interleaving features, with a negative polarity reflection arising from an interface of warm water overlying colder water. A seismic‐derived sound speed image reveals the extent and lateral continuity of such interleaving layers. There is evidence of obliquely aligned internal waves emanating from the slope at 450–500 m. They follow the predicted trajectory of internal S2 tidal waves and can promote vertical mixing between Atlantic and Arctic‐origin waters.

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Organic matter remineralization in marine sediments: A Pan‐Arctic synthesis

Bourgeois

Archambault

Witte

2017

Global Biogeochemical Cycles

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Climate change in the Arctic is ongoing and causes drastic modification on the ecosystem functioning. In soft-bottom environments, organic matter remineralization is considered an important ecosystem function. Here we provide a large-scale assessment of the current knowledge on the benthic organic matter remineralization and its potential response to climate change. Sediment oxygen demand (SOD) values (n = 1154), measured throughout the Arctic, were gathered from 30 publications and 16 databases, and nutrient flux values, available in a far lesser extent (n < 80), were also compiled. Generalized additive models were used to estimate the influence of explanatory variables on benthic oxygen fluxes and for interpolating SOD to the whole Arctic region. This first Pan-Arctic review of the distributions of SOD showed that oxygen fluxes strongly depended on water depth, i.e., followed the general trend observed for other regions, and also on the availability of labile organic matter. The continental shelves (representing~50% of Arctic Ocean's total area) were characterized by the highest SOD values (10.5 ± 7.9 mmol O 2 m À2 d À1 ), and differences among shelves were observed; SOD values in inflow, interior, and outflow shelves were 11.8 ± 8.0, 6.2 ± 5.6, and 3.9 ± 3.5 mmol O 2 m À2 d À1 , respectively. Moreover, seasonal variation in SOD changed significantly among areas. The interpolation based on the best fitted model showed high respiration in the inflow and interior shelves. In the inflow shelves, characterized by productive waters, benthic activities replenish bottom water with nutrients which may augment primary productivity, whereas sediments from the interior shelves, e.g., under the direct influence of the Mackenzie River, consume nutrients.

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The Barents and Chukchi Seas: Comparison of two Arctic shelf ecosystems

Cited by 142 publications

References 197 publications

Advection in polar and sub-polar environments: Impacts on high latitude marine ecosystems

Advection in polar and sub-polar environments: Impacts on high latitude marine ecosystems

Seismic reflection imaging of mixing processes in Fram Strait

Organic matter remineralization in marine sediments: A Pan‐Arctic synthesis

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