The Barrier to <scp>HIV</scp> Transmission Provided by Genital Tract <i>Lactobacillus</i> Colonization

Mirmonsef, Paria; Spear, Gregory T.

doi:10.1111/aji.12232

Cited by 31 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…Further, high free glycogen levels and lactobacilli in the vaginal lumen tend to correlate with low vaginal pH (Mirmonsef et al, 2014 ). In stark contrast, glycogen and lactic acid are depleted in women with BV (Mirmonsef et al, 2012a ), possibly due to increased glycogen consumption by BVAB that would prevent regrowth of lactic acid-producing bacteria (Figure 1B ) (Mirmonsef and Spear, 2014 ).…”

Section: The Antimicrobial Properties Of Lactic Acid and Scfas Producmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antimicrobial and immune modulatory effects of lactic acid and short chain fatty acids produced by vaginal microbiota associated with eubiosis and bacterial vaginosis

et al. 2015

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Lactic acid and short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) produced by vaginal microbiota have reported antimicrobial and immune modulatory activities indicating their potential as biomarkers of disease and/or disease susceptibility. In asymptomatic women of reproductive-age the vaginal microbiota is comprised of lactic acid-producing bacteria that are primarily responsible for the production of lactic acid present at ~110 mM and acidifying the vaginal milieu to pH ~3.5. In contrast, bacterial vaginosis (BV), a dysbiosis of the vaginal microbiota, is characterized by decreased lactic acid-producing microbiota and increased diverse anaerobic bacteria accompanied by an elevated pH>4.5. BV is also characterized by a dramatic loss of lactic acid and greater concentrations of mixed SCFAs including acetate, propionate, butyrate, and succinate. Notably women with lactic acid-producing microbiota have more favorable reproductive and sexual health outcomes compared to women with BV. Regarding the latter, BV is associated with increased susceptibility to sexually transmitted infections (STIs) including HIV. In vitro studies demonstrate that lactic acid produced by vaginal microbiota has microbicidal and virucidal activities that may protect against STIs and endogenous opportunistic bacteria as well as immune modulatory properties that require further characterization with regard to their effects on the vaginal mucosa. In contrast, BV-associated SCFAs have far less antimicrobial activity with the potential to contribute to a pro-inflammatory vaginal environment. Here we review the composition of lactic acid and SCFAs in respective states of eubiosis (non-BV) or dysbiosis (BV), their effects on susceptibility to bacterial/viral STIs and whether they have inherent microbicidal/virucidal and immune modulatory properties. We also explore their potential as biomarkers for the presence and/or increased susceptibility to STIs.

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Section: The Antimicrobial Properties Of Lactic Acid and Scfas Producmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antimicrobial and immune modulatory effects of lactic acid and short chain fatty acids produced by vaginal microbiota associated with eubiosis and bacterial vaginosis

et al. 2015

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“…Lactic acid selectively lyses bacteria other than lactobacilli . In addition, the inactivation of Chlamydia trachomatis and human immunodeficiency virus by lactic acid has been reported. As mentioned above, lactobacilli‐stimulated autophagy results in the engulfment and degradation of bacteria, viruses and protozoa that have entered into the epithelial cell cytoplasm.…”

Section: Tolerance and Resistancementioning

confidence: 99%

Why do lactobacilli dominate the human vaginal microbiota?

Witkin

Linhares

2016

BJOG

199

164

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“…Lactobacili residing in the lower genital tract use these carbohydrates in a fermentation process to produce lactic acid, thus lowering the pH of the vagina. Lactobacili maintain the vaginal pH between 3.5 and 4.5, thereby creating an unfavorable environment for pathogens According to recent studies, vaginal lactobacilli species also produce antibacterial bacteriocins suggesting an additional protective pathway …”

Section: The Vaginal Microbiome During Pregnancymentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbiome in normal and pathological pregnancies: A literature overview

Taddei

Cortez

Mattar

et al. 2018

American J Rep Immunol

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This review summarizes recent findings on the changes that occur during pregnancy in the composition of the vaginal and gut microbiome and their association with metabolic, hormonal, and immunological factors. Despite many studies on the topic, the vaginal and gut microbial profiles and their influence on the course of pregnancy are still unclear. We present data suggesting that, contrary to traditional understanding, the placenta is not sterile but has a microbial community. We review and discuss new findings on changes in the richness and diversity of the microbiota of pregnant women with term or preterm births, obesity, and gestational diabetes mellitus. Several factors influence the bacterial profile of these women and may explain, at least in part, some of the discrepant findings between studies. The development of and access to new molecular biology methods and techniques has expanded the possibilities of research. This will contribute to a better understanding of the microbiome and its role in normal and pathological pregnancies.

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The Barrier to HIV Transmission Provided by Genital Tract Lactobacillus Colonization

Cited by 31 publications

References 43 publications

Antimicrobial and immune modulatory effects of lactic acid and short chain fatty acids produced by vaginal microbiota associated with eubiosis and bacterial vaginosis

Antimicrobial and immune modulatory effects of lactic acid and short chain fatty acids produced by vaginal microbiota associated with eubiosis and bacterial vaginosis

Why do lactobacilli dominate the human vaginal microbiota?

Microbiome in normal and pathological pregnancies: A literature overview

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