The basal ganglia communicate with the cerebellum

Bostan, Andreea C.; Dum, Richard P.; Strick, Peter L.

doi:10.1073/pnas.1000496107

Cited by 689 publications

(618 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Although it has long been believed that basal ganglia and cerebellar subcortical networks are segregated, there is growing evidence for highly specific anatomical connections and physiologic interactions between the basal ganglia and the cerebellum ( [94]; see Fig. 1).…”

Section: Functional/anatomic Considerations Of the Basal Ganglia Circmentioning

confidence: 99%

Deep Brain Stimulation for Movement Disorders of Basal Ganglia Origin: Restoring Function or Functionality?

2016

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Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is highly effective for both hypo-and hyperkinetic movement disorders of basal ganglia origin. The clinical use of DBS is, in part, empiric, based on the experience with prior surgical ablative therapies for these disorders, and, in part, driven by scientific discoveries made decades ago. In this review, we consider anatomical and functional concepts of the basal ganglia relevant to our understanding of DBS mechanisms, as well as our current understanding of the pathophysiology of two of the most commonly DBS-treated conditions, Parkinson's disease and dystonia. Finally, we discuss the proposed mechanism(s) of action of DBS in restoring function in patients with movement disorders. The signs and symptoms of the various disorders appear to result from signature disordered activity in the basal ganglia output, which disrupts the activity in thalamocortical and brainstem networks. The available evidence suggests that the effects of DBS are strongly dependent on targeting sensorimotor portions of specific nodes of the basal gangliathalamocortical motor circuit, that is, the subthalamic nucleus and the internal segment of the globus pallidus. There is little evidence to suggest that DBS in patients with movement disorders restores normal basal ganglia functions (e.g., their role in movement or reinforcement learning). Instead, it appears that high-frequency DBS replaces the abnormal basal ganglia output with a more tolerable pattern, which helps to restore the functionality of downstream networks.

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Section: Functional/anatomic Considerations Of the Basal Ganglia Circmentioning

confidence: 99%

Deep Brain Stimulation for Movement Disorders of Basal Ganglia Origin: Restoring Function or Functionality?

2016

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“…One of the most exciting developments in this area focuses on new evidence suggesting direct 2-way communication between the basal ganglia and the cerebellum, independent of the cortex. 13 …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Cross-Cutting Advancements Usher in a New Era for Motor Research in Psychosis

Mittal

2016

SCHBUL

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As gesture serves as an interaction point between motor, language, and sensory-integration processes, an intersection also implicated in psychosis, schizophrenia researchers have recently turned toward this area as well. 1 The findings of Walther et al 2 move our understanding of this nascent field significantly ahead, with results indicating that deficits in gesture performance and perception are closely tied with clinical and functional outcome in individuals with schizophrenia over a 6-month period. More broadly, this article suggests that a test of hand gesture may provide a viable method for predicting clinical course and potentially highlighting a novel vulnerability subtype in schizophrenia patients. Given the importance of these findings, and the relative ease of such assessments, the questions remain-why are we not seeing more studies like this, and where are the translational applications? Further, in addition to aberrant gesture, schizophrenia has been linked with a range of motor signs including delays in developmental milestones, clumsiness, poor coordination, abnormalities in gait, posture and neuromusculature, diffuse neurological soft signs, catatonia, psychomotor slowing, and both medication-induced and spontaneous hyper/hypo dyskinesias spanning muscle groups throughout the body. Despite the broad array of affected behaviors and characteristics, and the long history of movement and motor research in this area, 3 the question remains, why is this such a neglected area in our field?There are several factors that have been impeding more widespread use of motor variables in cuttingedge research. First, rigid intradisciplinary boundaries between neurology and psychiatry have historically kept abnormalities in movement and socio-emotional behavior distinct. In a related issue, until recently, key relevant target structures such as the basal ganglia and cerebellum have been viewed primarily as a motor centers and related movement behaviors have not been linked into the sophisticated comprehensive models or etiological theories that are often necessary generate enthusiasm about a domain or target. Second, the advent of first-generation antipsychotic medications, which produce characteristic movement disorders in some patients, contributed to further confusion about etiology of movement signs. More broadly, both generations of neuroleptics have also continued to serve as a tricky barrier for definitive research in this area. 4 Third, empirical studies have relied almost entirely on drug-induced motor abnormality assessments, 5 or scales designed to follow diffuse markers (eg, neurological soft signs). 6 While these instruments can be reliable at a particular site, they require highly specialized training, miss more subtle movements, and can press investigators to impose subjective categories on continuous phenotypes. Fourth, although it has been clear for some time that there are motor abnormalities present in psychosis, the translational relevance of these markers is uncertain. Finally, motor behaviors...

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“…10 The basal ganglia maintain 2-way communication with the cerebellum. 11 At present, there is little literature that describes a combination approach to chiropractic care for patients who are experiencing headaches and learning difficulties. 12 Therefore, this case study describes the chiropractic management of a male teen who was brought for symptoms of migraine headache and, while under care, reported improvements in his learning and behavior as demonstrated by quantitative measures from multiple fields including psychological, neuropsychological, educational, occupational therapy, and functional neurology along with subjective improvements while under functional neurological care.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chiropractic management using a brain-based model of care for a 15-year-old adolescent boy with migraine headaches and behavioral and learning difficulties: a case report

Kuhn¹,

Cambron

2013

Journal of Chiropractic Medicine

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Objective: The purpose of this report is to describe chiropractic management, using a brain-based model of care, of a teen who had migraine headaches and several social and learning difficulties. Clinical features: A 15-year-old adolescent boy with a chronic history of migraines and more than 10 years of learning and behavioral difficulties, including attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, and Tourette syndrome, presented for chiropractic care. Intervention and outcome: The patient received spinal manipulation and was given home physical coordination activities that were contralateral to the side of the involved basal ganglia and ipsilateral to the involved cerebellum, along with interactive metronome training. Quantitative changes were noted in neurological soft signs, tests of variables of attention Conners' Parent Rating Scale, the California Achievement Test, grade point, and reduction of medications. The patient reported qualitative improvements in tics, attention, reading, vision, health, relationships with his peers and his family, and self-esteem. Conclusion: The patient with migraine headaches and learning difficulties responded well to the course of chiropractic care. This study suggests that there may be value in a brain-based model of care in the chiropractic management of conditions that are beyond musculoskeletal in nature.

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The basal ganglia communicate with the cerebellum

Cited by 689 publications

References 37 publications

Deep Brain Stimulation for Movement Disorders of Basal Ganglia Origin: Restoring Function or Functionality?

Deep Brain Stimulation for Movement Disorders of Basal Ganglia Origin: Restoring Function or Functionality?

Cross-Cutting Advancements Usher in a New Era for Motor Research in Psychosis

Chiropractic management using a brain-based model of care for a 15-year-old adolescent boy with migraine headaches and behavioral and learning difficulties: a case report

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