2021
DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.02.016
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The basic immunology of asthma

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Cited by 571 publications
(405 citation statements)
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References 149 publications
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“…Asthma is a complex and heterogenous disease [ 51 ]. Clinical and experimental data demonstrate that eosinophils contribute to the airway hyperreactivity seen in asthmatic individuals that have allergic airway disease [ 8 , 10 , 11 , 51 ].…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Asthma is a complex and heterogenous disease [ 51 ]. Clinical and experimental data demonstrate that eosinophils contribute to the airway hyperreactivity seen in asthmatic individuals that have allergic airway disease [ 8 , 10 , 11 , 51 ].…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In addition, patients with severe asthma may present with persistent eosinophilic inflammation in the absence of specific IgE [ 27 , 28 ]. Phenotypic heterogeneity of asthma and the variable treatment responses to Th2-directed trials and therapies have brought out the speculation of non-Th2 inflammation in the pathogenesis of allergic airway inflammation; the categorization of asthma based on distinct mechanistic pathways was proposed as an algorithm to tailor treatment strategies [ 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 ]. With the intention to leverage laboratory evidence for precision asthma treatment, two major asthma endotypes have been described ( Table 1 ).…”
Section: Asthma Endotypesmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Biomarkers for Th2-low asthma have not been widely investigated. Neutrophils, matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP-9) and IL-6 have all been proposed as potential candidates, but none have been shown to represent all phenotypic subgroups of the Th2-low asthma endotype [ 29 , 32 ]. Application of multi-omics approaches encompassing transcriptomics, epigenomics, metagenomics, metabolomics, and proteomics, in combination with clinical features and laboratory data will enable asthma endotyping to be more informative and allow the designation of precision treatment strategies [ 44 , 45 ].…”
Section: Asthma Endotypesmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…As a result, complex and tightly regulated immunological networks evolved to provide both effective tolerance to environmental antigens and protection against potentially invasive airborne pathogenic threats. Many different cell types, such as epithelial cells, myeloid cells and innate and adaptive lymphocytes contribute to cellular and humoral immunity in the lung ( 2 ). While the lung already harbors numerous immune cells in the steady-state, their frequencies and relative proportions strongly change during infections, tissue damage or chronic inflammatory diseases.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%