The Basics of Brain Development

Stiles, Joan; Jernigan, Terry L.

doi:10.1007/s11065-010-9148-4

Cited by 1,535 publications

(877 citation statements)

References 108 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

837

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…The notion that thalamocortical connectivity is established by the time of birth was recently illustrated in a rs-fMRI study, showing a high level of overlap between the distribution of thalamocortical projections in the thalamus in the neonatal brain and their topographical organization in the adult human brain (Toulmin et al, 2015). While axons continue to grow, facilitating major connections in the white matter to find their cortical targets, the overlying cortex transforms its relatively smooth surface into a highly convoluted mantle with secondary and tertiary sulci that resembles the adult human brain (Stiles and Jernigan, 2010;Striedter et al, 2014). MRI studies in preterm infants have reported a five-fold increase in cortical surface area and doubling of cortical curvature measures in the timeframe that coincides with the third trimester of pregnancy (Ajayi-Obe et al, 2000;Dubois et al, 2008;Kapellou et al, 2006;Moeskops et al, 2015).…”

Section: Late Fetal Periodmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…closure of the neural tube), which starts at embryonic day 21 and is finished by day 27 (Bystron et al, 2008;Stiles and Jernigan, 2010), the precursor of the human brain rapidly expands and undergoes a series of processes including proliferation, neurogenesis and differentiation, orchestrated by an intricate genetic program (Bystron et al, 2008;Stiles and Jernigan, 2010;Webb et al, 2001). By mid-gestation neurogenesis is largely complete (Stiles and Jernigan, 2010) and during this phase, i.e.…”

Section: Embryonic and Early Fetal Periodmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The postnatal period is further marked by refinement of existing intracortical connections, ongoing dendriting arborization and an explosive increase in synaptogenesis, eventually resulting in an abundance of connections (Huttenlocher and Courten de, 1987;Huttenlocher and Dabholkar, 1997;Innocenti and Price, 2005;Kostovic and Jovanov-Milosevic, 2006;Stiles and Jernigan, 2010). Overproduction of synapses and associated dendrites and axons is observed across all mammalian species and is followed by pruning (i.e.…”

Section: Postnatal Brain Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…selective elimination of connections) (Bianchi et al, 2013;Innocenti and Price, 2005). The latter process spans childhood and adolescence and occurs as a result of competition for neurotrophic factors including brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) and the need for afferent input to stabilize immature, labile connections (Hua and Smith, 2004;Innocenti and Price, 2005;Stiles and Jernigan, 2010;Webb et al, 2001).…”

Section: Postnatal Brain Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The neonatal cerebral cortex displays a complex, adult-like gyrification pattern and in the underlying white matter all large-scale connections are already in place Lodygensky et al, 2010;Stiles and Jernigan, 2010;Takahashi et al, 2012;van den Heuvel et al, 2014). Historically, much of what we know about the intricate processes of early brain development came from post mortem studies in human fetuses, neonates, and non-human primates (Flechsig, 1920;Goldman-Rakic, 1987;Innocenti and Price, 2005;Kostovic, 2002;LaMantia and Rakic, 1990).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 4 more Smart Citations

The emergence of functional architecture during early brain development

2017

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Early human brain development constitutes a sequence of intricate processes resulting in the ontogeny of functionally operative neural circuits. Developmental trajectories of early brain network formation are genetically programmed and can be modified by epigenetic and environmental influences. Such alterations may exert profound effects on neurodevelopment, potentially persisting throughout the lifespan. This review focuses on the critical period of fetal and early postnatal brain development. Here we collate findings from neuroimaging studies, with a particular focus on functional MRI research that interrogated early brain network development in both health and high-risk or disease states. First, we will provide an overview of the developmental processes that take place from the embryonic period through early infancy in order to contextualize brain network formation. Second, functional brain network development in the typically developing brain will be discussed. Third, we will touch on prenatal and perinatal risk factors that may interfere with the trajectories of functional brain wiring, including prenatal substance exposure, maternal mental illness and preterm

show abstract

Section: Late Fetal Periodmentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Embryonic and Early Fetal Periodmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Postnatal Brain Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Postnatal Brain Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

The emergence of functional architecture during early brain development

2017

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

Maternal Contraceptive Use and Central Nervous System Tumors in Offspring

Spector

Moertel

2022

JAMA

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Association of Maternal Tobacco Use During Pregnancy With Preadolescent Brain Morphology Among Offspring

et al. 2022

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

IMPORTANCEMaternal tobacco use during pregnancy has been associated with various health consequences, including suboptimal neurodevelopment in offspring. However, the effect of prenatal exposure to maternal smoking on child brain development has yet to be elucidated. OBJECTIVE To investigate the association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and offspring brain development in preadolescence as well as the mediating pathways. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This prospective, population-based cohort study was embedded in the Generation R Study, Rotterdam, the Netherlands. The Generation R Study was launched in 2002, with follow-up ongoing. Child brain morphology was assessed at 9 to 11 years of age (ie, 10-12 years between exposure and outcome assessment). Data analysis was performed from March 1, 2021, to February 28, 2022, and at the time of manuscript revision. Participants included the singleton children of pregnant women residing in the study area with an expected date of delivery between April 1, 2002, and January 31, 2006; 2704 children with information on maternal smoking during pregnancy and structural neuroimaging at 9 to 11 years of age were included. A subsample of 784 children with data on DNA methylation at birth was examined in the mediation analysis. EXPOSURES Information on maternal smoking during pregnancy was collected via a questionnaire in each trimester. As a contrast, paternal smoking was assessed at recruitment. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Brain morphology, including brain volumes and surface-based cortical measures (thickness, surface area, and gyrification), was assessed with magnetic resonance imaging. For mediation analysis, DNA methylation at birth was quantified by a weighted methylation risk score. RESULTS The 2704 participating children (1370 [50.7%] girls and 1334 [49.3%] boys) underwent brain imaging assessment at a mean (SD) age of 10.1 (0.6) years. Compared with nonexposed children (n = 2102), exposure to continued maternal smoking during pregnancy (n = 364) was associated with smaller total brain volume (volumetric difference [b] = −14.5 [95% CI, −25.1 to −4.0] cm 3 ), cerebral gray matter volume (b = −7.8 [95% CI, −13.4 to −2.3] cm 3 ), cerebral white matter volume (b = −5.9 [95% CI, −10.7 to −1.0] cm 3 ), and surface area and less gyrification. These associations were not explained by paternal smoking nor mediated by smoking-associated DNA methylation patterns at birth. Children exposed to maternal smoking only in the first trimester (n = 238) showed no differences in brain morphology compared with nonexposed children. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCEThe findings of this cohort study suggest that continued maternal tobacco use during pregnancy was associated with lower brain volumes and suboptimal cortical traits of offspring in preadolescence, which seemed to be independent of shared family (continued) Key Points Question Is maternal tobacco use during pregnancy associated with preadolescent brain morphology among offspring? Findings In this cohort study of 2704 children in ...

show abstract

The Basics of Brain Development

Cited by 1,535 publications

References 108 publications

The emergence of functional architecture during early brain development

The emergence of functional architecture during early brain development

Maternal Contraceptive Use and Central Nervous System Tumors in Offspring

Association of Maternal Tobacco Use During Pregnancy With Preadolescent Brain Morphology Among Offspring

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About