The Behavior of Colloidal Suspensions with Electrolytes.

Colloid Chemistry of Clays.

“…As Smoluehowski has shown, the electroviscous effect is due to a drag caused by the dipersion medium carrying the counter charges moving towards one pole and the dispersed particles moving to the other pole in an electric field (91). This electric field, if of suffi- cient strength, can cause condensation and orientation of the colloidal micelles (26,46). This condition will exist until the attraction forces resulting from the charge on the particles and the ions in the dispersion medium are in balance with the forces of repulsion between the ions in the adsorbed diffuse layer and those freely moving in the dispersion medium.…”

“…Schematic, simplified picture of the mechanism of gelation and coagulation, showing the formation of ionic fields in the dispersion medium due to preferential adsorption of ions on the surface of the particles. The first step in gel formation corresponds to a thixotropic condition (46). as a colloidal micelle.…”

Effects of Electrolytes in Hydrophobic Systems. II. Sol Concentration and Electrolyte Stability.

“…This behavior appears to be general, however, only with regard to well-purified sols (3). The obvious bearing of this phenomenon on the problems of electrolyte coagulation has justified the recognition given to it in some of the more recent theories of coagulation (4,8).…”

Effects of Electrolytes in Hydrophobic Systems. I. Electric Mobility and Stability.

“…The anomalies encountered with monovalent ions have stimulated new theories (8, 15, 19) for the process of coagulation by electrolytes and in these stress has been placed on the properties of the dispersion medium. Hauser and Hirshon (10) have proposed a general theory to explain the effects of monovalent ions in colloidal systems. After a review of the literature, these investigators, while approving the view which stresses the importance of the counter ions in the dispersion medium, have pointed out 1 White and Monaghan (22), in a paper dealing with the ratio of electroosmotic to electrophoretic velocities as a function of salt concentration, have reviewed the literature on the subject of critical potentials.…”

“…The influence of sol concentration on the flocculation values of electrolytes, while known for some time (7) and given prominence by Burton and coworkers (1, 2), has been the subject of recent investigations (3,10).…”