The Beneficial Effect ofEquisetum giganteumL. againstCandidaBiofilm Formation: New Approaches to Denture Stomatitis

Abstract

Equisetum giganteum L. (E. giganteum), Equisetaceae, commonly called “giant horsetail,” is an endemic plant of Central and South America and is used in traditional medicine as diuretic and hemostatic in urinary disorders and in inflammatory conditions among other applications. The chemical composition of the extract EtOH 70% of E. giganteum has shown a clear presence of phenolic compounds derived from caffeic and ferulic acids and flavonoid heterosides derived from quercitin and kaempferol, in addition to styrylpyrones. E. giganteum, mainly at the highest concentrations, showed antimicrobial activity against the relevant microorganisms tested: Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans. It also demonstrated antiadherent activity on C. albicans biofilms in an experimental model that is similar to dentures. Moreover, all concentrations tested showed anti-inflammatory activity. The extract did not show cytotoxicity in contact with human cells. These properties might qualify E. giganteum extract to be a promising alternative for the topic treatment and prevention of oral candidiasis and denture stomatitis.

Contribution of the phenolic composition to the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antitumor potential of Equisetum giganteum L. and Tilia platyphyllos Scop.

“…With the exception of quercetin-3-O-glucoside and kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside, reported in E. giganteum by Francescato et al 15 and Alavarce et al, 16 none of the compounds detected herein had been previously described in this species.…”

“…Based on their fragmentation features and following a similar reasoning as for the previous kaempferol derivatives, they were assigned as quercetin-di-O-glucoside and quercetin-O-acetylglucoside-O-glucoside, respectively. Peak 2 Eg was tentatively identified as quercetin-3,7-di-O-glucoside, owing to the previous description of such a compound in E. giganteum by Francescato et al 15 and Alavarce et al 16 Finally, peak 1 Eg was identified as a caffeic acid hexoside according to its UV and mass characteristics.…”

“…1A and B. Equisetum giganteum presented fourteen phenolic compounds (two phenolic acids and twelve flavonol glycoside derivatives), while T. platyphyllos presented a more complex matrix regarding its phenolic composition, revealing the presence of thirty-three compounds (three phenolic acids, six flavan-3-ol derivatives, twenty flavonol glycoside derivatives, two flavanone and flavone derivatives). 16 Protocatechuic acid, catechin, epicatechin and Table 1 Phenolic compounds' identification and quantification in the Equisetum giganteum extract 21 In the present study, these compounds were also present in high amounts, representing 34% of the total 593, yielding two fragment ions from the consecutive loss of two deoxyhexosyl residues; it was tentatively identified as quercetin-3,7-di-O-rhamnoside, a compound commonly reported in Tilia species [27][28][29][30] 21 The observation in their fragmentation of a product ion at m/z 447, from the loss of p-coumaroyl residue (146 u) would also be coherent with that identity, as well as with the late elution, since the presence of the hydroxycinnamoyl residue implies a decrease in polarity. The detection of two peaks could be explained by the existence of trans-and cis-isomers of the p-coumaric acid, as also noted by Karioti et al 21 The most abundant peak 32 Tp can be assigned as trans-tiliroside taking into account that the form trans is the usual one for p-coumaric acid.…”

“…16,17 To the author's best knowledge, no studies are available describing its antioxidant or antitumor effects, and only one study could be found regarding the in vivo anti-inflammatory potential of aqueous extracts derived from stems, through using antigen-induced arthritis. 17 The phenolic composition of this plant has been described, including the presence of caffeic acid derivatives and flavonoids (mainly quercetin and kaempferol derivatives).…”

Anticandidal effect of endophytic bacteria isolated from Equisetum arvense L. against Candida albicans and Candida glabrata

“…Bacillus species have been reported to be useful as bio-control agents against plant fungal diseases 53 . Numerous species of the Bacillus genus are reasonably considerable for the purposes, as they are functional for the production of numerous molecules and supplementary goods for foodstuff as well as in agricultural, biological and pharmaceutical industries 55,56 . In the pharmaceutical industry, there is high demand for Bacillus species because of its potential to produce a broad array of metabolites with antimicrobial activity [57][58][59][60][61] .…”