“…Africa is now considered to be in a "nursing crisis" characterised by nursing inadequacy, and is plagued by issues of nurse migration from that continent (International Council of Nurses, 2007). For example, in 2002, South Africa had an estimated 30 percent hospital staff vacancy rate due to nursing staff shortages and as a result of nurse migration (Li, Nie, & Li, 2014). In 2010, African countries had one nursing or midwifery personnel per 1,000 population compared to five nursing or midwifery personnel per 1,000 population in America and eight nursing or midwifery personnel per 1,000 in Europe (Naicker, Eastwood, Plange-Rhule, & Tutt, 2010).…”