“…Therefore, this study addresses this gap in the research by providing descriptive information about the fathers and their personal challenges, their relationships with their children, their relationship with the mother, and with the child welfare system. On the basis of the definitions in previous studies (e.g., Malm et al, ; Maxwell, Scourfield, Holland, Featherstone, & Lee, ; Maxwell, Scourfield, Featherstone, et al, ; Strega et al, ), nonresidential fathers are defined in this study as those who can be birth fathers or social fathers and did not live with children at the time of placement.…”