“…The items were rated using a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree); higher scores indicate higher levels of both general and social self-efficacy. The instrument has been used extensively in previous psychological testing and research (Eden & Aviram, 1993;Eden & Zuk, 1995;Ferrari & Parker, 1992;Hays & Buckle, 1992;Saks, Blake, & Ashforth, 2000;Sherer & Adams, 1983;Sherer et al, 1982;Whittinghill, Whittinghill, & Loesch, 2000;Woodruff & Cashman, 1993) with wellestablished reliability and validity. Sherer and colleagues (1982) reported internal consistency for the SES with alphas of .86 for the general subscale and .71 for the social subscale.…”