The best form of rain gauge, with nots on other forms

Mill, Hugh Robert

doi:10.1002/qj.49703314402

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…Energy content of the diet was calculated as 3.4 kcal g −1 COD according to Henken et al (1986) and un-ionized ammonia by calculation), nitrite nitrogen (NO 2 -N; colorimetric method with diazotized sulfanilamide), nitrate nitrogen (NO 3 -N; cadmium reduction to nitrite and measurement of nitrite), hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S; photometric method), total suspended solid (TSS; dried to constant weight at 103 to 105°C), chlorophyll a (chl a; spectrophotometer method), orthophosphate (PO 4 -P; ammonium molybdate and potassium antimonyl tartrate method) and total phosphorus (TP; photometric method on sample digested by ammonium persulfate and sulfuric acid to convert all phosphorus to ortho phosphate). For rainfall, the amount of rain water was measured daily by a 20 cm diameter Snow don rain gauge (Mill 1907) installed next to the ponds on each farm (Fig. 1).…”

Section: Measurements and Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantifying sustainability indicators in striped catfish Pangasianodon hypophthalmus downstream and upstream ponds

Nhut¹,

Hảo²,

Bosma³

et al. 2017

Aquacult. Environ. Interact.

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To assess the potential for improving sustainability and efficiency in an important Vietnamese finfish culture, we quantified sustainability indicators for 2 downstream and 2 upstream 3 to 4 m deep ponds for striped catfish Pangasianodon hypophthalmus (Sauvage, 1878) production along the Mekong River, Vietnam. The resources used per kg fish produced were (downstream vs. upstream): 2.8 vs. 7.1 m 3 water, 0.04 vs. 0.14 kWh energy, 0.06 vs. 0.11 h human labour and 0.06 vs. 0.15 g antibiotics (p < 0.05). The feed conversion ratio (kg feed dry matter per kg fish wet weight) was 1.50 vs. 1.65 and feed dry matter utilization efficiency was similar (28 vs. 30%) for both types of ponds (p > 0.05). Nitrogen and phosphorus utilization efficiencies were 44 vs. 40% for nitrogen (p < 0.05) and 17.7 vs. 17.6% for phosphorus (p > 0.05). An advantage of production in deep ponds is the breakdown of organic matter through denitrification and fermentation. Based on the difference between feed input and monitored outputs and sinks, an estimated 29-37% of dry matter volatilized as CO 2 and 30-34% of nitrogen was lost as N 2 . A major disadvantage of the deep pond production system is its dependency on water exchange with the Mekong River, resulting in low biosecurity, which is aggravated by the lack of availability of disease-free fingerlings. Dealing with disease caused farmers to apply suboptimal feeding rations and to lengthen the culture period. Developing (semi-)closed systems that adopt elements from recirculation technology could improve both culture performance and sustainability.

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Section: Measurements and Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantifying sustainability indicators in striped catfish Pangasianodon hypophthalmus downstream and upstream ponds

Nhut¹,

Hảo²,

Bosma³

et al. 2017

Aquacult. Environ. Interact.

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“…The diameter of the top funnel was measured as 8 inches (203 mm) as described by Symons (), who states: The well known 8‐inch Glaisher's gauge seems to be the nearest approach we have yet to perfection . Some 43 years later Mill () remarks: it is an extremely ingenious instrument, and when new and carefully handled it gives results of incomparable accuracy. But when carelessly used, and especially when it begins to fall out of repair, it is subject to errors .…”

Section: Instrumentation Inspection and The Estimated Rainfallmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Scarborough storm and flood, August 1857: the Cinderella of the record book

Clark¹

2015

Weather

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“…For rainfall, the amount of rain water was measured daily by a 20-cm diameter according to Snowdon Rain Gauge (Mill, 1907) installed next to the ponds on each farm (Figure 2.2).…”

Section: Watermentioning

confidence: 99%

Improving sustainability of striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) farming in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam through recirculation technology

Nguyen¹

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Per kg striped catfish produced, waste containing 46 g nitrogen (N) and 14 g phosphorous (P) is produced (De Silva et al., 2010). About 70% of striped catfish farmers discharge untreated effluents to the river. The remaining 30% of farmers discharge to rice fields or gardens (Phan et al., 2009), where part of the nutrients are reused. Discharging effluents pollute surface waters and increases the risk of horizontal disease transmission (Nguyen et al., 2007). Survival in striped catfish ponds is less than 70% mainly due to disease. More than 15 diseases/syndromes are commonly occurring in striped catfish farming (Phan et al., 2009). Diseases are treated with different antibiotics and chemicals (Bosma et al., 2009; Rico et al., 2013). However, consumers do not accept residues of antibiotics and chemicals in fish products leading to national and international laws and regulations that limit the number and amounts of chemicals and antibiotics farmers can use. When applying chemicals or antibiotics farmers are advised to ban application during the last 2 months before harvesting (BMP, 2009; MARD, 2011). Consumers prefer white fillets, but fillets can have grades of pink or yellow colour (Sang et al., 2009). Only white fillets are of export quality and fetch a higher price (Khoi, 2011). The fillet colour of striped catfish produced in deep ponds in the Mekong Delta is predominantly white. The high depth and water turnover rate of the pond farming system in the Mekong delta might contribute to more white fillets (Phu et al., 2014). Farmers will be willing to switch to less polluting farming systems, provided the colour grade of the fillet is maintained. 1.2. Aquaculture sustainability indicators Sustainability includes environmental, economic and social dimensions (Verreth and Oberdieck, 2009), and to monitor and compare sustainability performance indicators are required that are measurable and easy to apply at farm level. Basic indicators used to assess sustainability of aquaculture production systems are listed in Table 1.1 (Boyd et al., 2007; Verreth and Oberdieck, 2009).

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The best form of rain gauge, with nots on other forms

Cited by 3 publications

References 0 publications

Quantifying sustainability indicators in striped catfish Pangasianodon hypophthalmus downstream and upstream ponds

Quantifying sustainability indicators in striped catfish Pangasianodon hypophthalmus downstream and upstream ponds

The Scarborough storm and flood, August 1857: the Cinderella of the record book

Improving sustainability of striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) farming in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam through recirculation technology

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