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This review sketches some recent approaches and research findings on children’s production and comprehension of discourse irony and situational irony. The separate treatment of production and comprehension in the overview of each of the two kinds of irony helps in highlighting children’s reliance on different competencies for their generating and interpreting irony, respectively. The definition-challenge section highlights the form and content of irony across different domains of research inquiry, and is followed by a discussion of methodological challenges leading to seeming inconsistencies across the reported findings. The final section offers suggestions for more ecologically valid research methods and calls for combining quantitative and qualitative methods in future studies of irony in both children and adults.
This review sketches some recent approaches and research findings on children’s production and comprehension of discourse irony and situational irony. The separate treatment of production and comprehension in the overview of each of the two kinds of irony helps in highlighting children’s reliance on different competencies for their generating and interpreting irony, respectively. The definition-challenge section highlights the form and content of irony across different domains of research inquiry, and is followed by a discussion of methodological challenges leading to seeming inconsistencies across the reported findings. The final section offers suggestions for more ecologically valid research methods and calls for combining quantitative and qualitative methods in future studies of irony in both children and adults.
Existing research suggests that men and women develop differing sexual scripts that influence their behavior, interactions and emotions regarding sex. The objective for this project is to examine the experiences of men and women with formal sex education programs, especially in regards to information about: anatomy and biology, sexual responsibility and risk taking, sexual desire, virginity and abstinence, as well as to explore sources of sex education outside of school. Several studies suggest masculine sexual scripts dictate that men generally construct a more body-focused approach to sex, with an emphasis on competition, aggression and achievement. Conversely, emphasized feminine sexual scripts call for a more emotion-focused approach to sex that stresses selfcontrol, resistance and sexual 'gatekeeping'. One of the explanations for this is adolescents' experience with formal sex education in school. Gendered messages in sex education that reproduce dominant sexual scripts have the potential to reinforce sexual double standards that affirm male desire and regulate female desire. Previous studies have determined school to be a place where individuals develop scripts that guide them through many aspects of social life. While one recent study has pointed to the existence of gendered messages in sex education films, there is little research on how men's and women's experiences with formal sex education influence their interaction with different sexual scripts.Additionally, this research recognizes that interaction with sexual scripts occurs in a multitude of settings over the life course, and although formal sex education is the focus ii of this analysis because of the explicit messages communicated to adolescents during a very formative stage, other more informal sources of sexual information (i.e. family, peers, and the internet) are explored in comparison with school-based sex education. The findings of this study indicate a gendered patter in access to sexual scripts, drawing from participants' accounts of their sex education experiences in school, as well as important differences in the messages, or scripts communicated to them about sex from friends, family and online. Most notably, men and women generally recount interaction with scripts that reinforce traditional masculine and feminine sexuality in formal, school-based sex education programs. However, sexual learning from more informal sources, like from families and the internet, indicate possible shifts in traditional gendered sexuality, especially for women. In contrast, studies focused on sexual learning in the family note that daughters hear much more about sex from their parents than do sons, indicating more exposure to sexual This project examines the experiences of men and women with school-based sex education programs, especially in regard to information about: anatomy and biology, 4 sexual responsibility and risk taking, sexual desire, virginity and abstinence. This project also compares experiences with additional sources of sex ed...
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