The best way to assess visually induced motion sickness in a fixed-base driving simulator

Reinhard, René; Rutrecht, Hans M.; Hengstenberg, Patricia; Tutulmaz, Ender; Geißler, Britta; Hecht, Heiko; Muttray, Axel

doi:10.1016/j.trf.2017.05.005

Cited by 25 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…A systematic increase of simulator sickness severity (measured with the SSQ) with time was confirmed by Chung et al (2007) , Park et al (2008) , and Choi et al (2009) during a 60-min trial and Aldaba et al (2017) , who measured simulator sickness severity with the SSQ, and by Reinhard et al (2017) , who used the Fast Motion Sickness Scale (FMS – a single-item scale, the scores on which range from 0 to 20). An increase of simulator sickness symptoms severity was also observed by McCauley et al (1990) , when it was rated on a 7-point scale (“normal, symptom-free” – “severe discomfort, I am unable to continue”) – it increased between measurement time points: before the exposure, in the middle of the 10-min task and after the whole 10-min task.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 85%

“…Another study providing evidence supporting the hypothesis, that simulator sickness adaptation is possible, was conducted by Reinhard et al (2017) . Twenty eight participants took part in the experiment, it had two parts, separated by 7–14 days of a break.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 90%

“…However, a large number of the studies did not report statistical tests proving this claim or reported statistical non-significance. Various adaptation patterns have been observed – the effect was visible when all of the VR immersions were conducted on a single day ( Lampton et al, 2000 ; Domeyer et al, 2013 ), on separate days (e.g., Cobb et al, 1999 ; Brooks et al, 2010 ; Reinhard et al, 2017 ), or even during a single VR exposure ( Sinitski et al, 2018 ). A floor effect of no symptoms after some exposures was observed by Kennedy et al (2000) .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, treadmills are often used to simulate movement in the virtual environment (e.g., Jaeger and Mourant, 2001 ; Sinitski et al, 2018 ). For driving and flight simulators, a part of a plane cockpit or a body of a car may be used (e.g., Feenstra et al, 2011 ; Domeyer et al, 2013 ; Reinhard et al, 2017 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It should be noted that in some studies self-report methods of measurement different from the Simulator Sickness Questionnaire had been used – Brooks et al (2010) report having used the Motion Sickness Assessment Questionnaire, Malińska et al (2014) used a self-developed, concise questionnaire and Helland et al (2016) measured subjective severity of simulator sickness symptoms simply by asking – “To what extent did you experience simulator sickness during the driving test?”. Several other authors used other short self-report measures (e.g., McCauley et al, 1990 ; Helland et al, 2016 ; Reinhard et al, 2017 ). As these methods are either a questionnaire originally created for measuring a different ailment or have not been psychometrically tested, they will not be described more widely herein.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Can Simulator Sickness Be Avoided? A Review on Temporal Aspects of Simulator Sickness

Dużmańska¹,

2018

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Simulator sickness is a syndrome similar to motion sickness, often experienced during simulator or another virtual reality (VR) exposure. Many theories have been developed or adapted from the motion sickness studies, in order to explain the existence of the syndrome. The simulator sickness can be measured using both subjective and objective methods. The most popular self-report method is the Simulator Sickness Questionnaire. Attempts have also been made to discover a physiological indicator of the described syndrome, but no definite conclusion has been reached on this issue. In the present paper, three temporal aspects of the simulator sickness are discussed: the temporal trajectory of the progression of simulator sickness, possibility of adapting VR users in advance and persistence of the symptoms after VR exposure. Evidence found in 39 articles is widely described. As for the first aspect, it is clear that in most cases severity of the simulator sickness symptoms increases with time of exposure, although it is impossible to develop a single, universal pattern for this effect. It has also been proved, that in some cases a threshold level or time point exists, after which the symptoms stop increasing or begin to decrease. The adaptation effect was proved in most of the reviewed studies and observed in different study designs – e.g., with a couple of VR exposures on separate days or on 1 day and with a single, prolonged VR exposure. As for the persistence of the simulator sickness symptoms after leaving the VR, on the whole the study results suggest that such an effect exists, but it varies strongly between individual studies – the symptoms may persist for a short period of time (10 min) or a relatively long one (even 4 h). Considering the conclusions reached in the paper, it is important to bear in mind that the virtual reality technology still evokes unpleasant sensations in its users and that these sensations should be cautiously controlled while developing new VR tools. Certainly, more research on this topic is necessary.

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