The bidirectional biological interplay between microbiome and viruses in periodontitis and type-2 diabetes mellitus

Abstract

Periodontitis was an inflammatory disease associated with a dysbiosis of the oral flora characterized by a chronic sustained inflammation inducing the resorption of alveolar bone and leading to tooth loss. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) was a metabolic disease caused by impaired insulin action. The oral microbiome played a crucial role in modulating both the innate and adaptive immune system during the trigger and exacerbation of periodontitis and T2D. The bidirectional relationship of T2D and periodontitis had been the focus of intensive research, but those were not well explored. In this commentary, an in-depth analysis of the changes of microbiome and bacterial metabolites in periodontitis with or without diabetes was described. The promotion of periodontitis to T2D might involve inflammatory factors/receptors, oxidative stress, microRNA and so on. The effect of diabetes on periodontitis might involve adipose factor pathway, AGE/RAGE and RANK/RANKL pathway etc. Generally, periodontitis and diabetes are closely related to the microecological-epithelial interaction, soft tissue degradation, bone coupling disorder, immune regulation and gene transcription. The viruses, including HBV, HCV, HSV-1, Coronavirus, HCMV, EBV, HIV, phageome and so on, played an important role in the development of T2D and periodontitis. An in-depth understanding of the relationship between microbiome and host was of great significance to clarify the bidirectional mechanisms, suggesting that the periodontitis or T2D remission will have a positive impact on the other.

The onset of adenosine monophosphate‐activated protein kinase activity on orthodontic tooth movement in rats with type 2 diabetes

“…Type 2 diabetes is a prevalent metabolic disorder which adds to the burden of global diseases due to massive complications induced by hyperglycemia, such as diabetic gangrene and ketoacidosis. Type 2 diabetes and inflammatory peri-odontal disease are commonly interrelated [36][37][38]. Studies have reported that type 2 diabetes prompts periodontal inflammation during orthodontic tooth movement, which increases the risk of periodontitis, leading to the loosening or loss of teeth [12,39].…”

Periodontitis and the incidence of metabolic syndrome: An 8‐year longitudinal study of an adult Japanese cohort

“…Although the aetiology differs between periodontitis and diabetes, the increase in inflammatory response such as pro-inflammatory interleukin (IL)-1 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF) is correlated with worsening disease progression in both diabetes and periodontitis (Luong et al, 2021). The oral microbiome is reported to play a crucial role in the relation between periodontitis and diabetes (Tang et al, 2022). It has been suggested that the gut microbiota mediates the effect of periodontitis on prediabetes (Li et al, 2021).…”

The Membrane Phospholipidomics Research of Oxidatively Damaged INS‐1 Pancreatic Beta Cells Intervened by the Effective Constituents of Anemarrhenae Asphodeloides Rhizoma

“…The change of its bonded fatty acid chain directly affects the flow of cell membrane, [12] and affect cell growth, proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis and the activity of membrane associated protease or receptor. [13][14][15] The abnormal metabolism of phospholipids is also closely related to human chronic metabolic diseases, such as diabetes mellitus [16] and obesity. [17] Phospholi-pidomics is a new branch of the study of whole phospholipids.…”