The bilingual lexicon: Language-specific units in an integrated network

Kirsner, Kim; Smith, Marilyn C.; Lockhart, Robert S.; King, Milton; Jain, Mamta

doi:10.1016/s0022-5371(84)90336-0

Cited by 197 publications

(146 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…In other words, lexical recognition could be generally facilitated by a represented identical item, but not by a functionally equivalent translation item. These results, according to Kirsner et al (1984), seemed to suggest that there are language-specific stores for lexical representations in bilingual speakers. Kirsner et al (1984) conducted two additional experiments to explore whether the processing of semantically related concepts would be differently affected by how these concepts are activated.…”

Section: Hsuan-chih Chen and Man-la! Ng The Chinese University Of Honmentioning

confidence: 83%

“…Recently, Kirsner, Smith, Lockhart, King, and Jain (1984) conducted a series of experiments to test different models of lexical representation and processing in bilingual speakers. The three major models tested were the word-association model, the word-interconnection model, and the concept-mediation model.…”

Section: Hsuan-chih Chen and Man-la! Ng The Chinese University Of Honmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To test these models, Kirsner et al (1984) used various lexical decision priming paradigms. In the first three experiments, they adopted a repetition/translation priming paradigm in which words in one language were first presented in the study session and were later presented either in the original form (i.e., repetitions) or in the other language (i.e., translations) in the test session (see, e.g., Feldman & Moskovljevic, 1987;Kirsner, 1986;Scarborough, Cortese, & Scarborough, 1977, for discussions of the repetition priming procedure).…”

Section: Hsuan-chih Chen and Man-la! Ng The Chinese University Of Honmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Semantic facilitation and translation priming effects in Chinese-English bilinguals

1989

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In two experiments, semantic facilitation and translation priming effects in Chinese-English bilingual speakers were demonstrated with a lexical decision task. A 300-msec stimulus-onset asynchrony (SOA)was used between display ofthe prime and the target item. Experiment 1 showed that subjects' lexical decision responses were facilitated to a greater extent when primed by a translation equivalent than a semantically related between-language word. In Experiment 2, we found that pictorial, between-language, and within-language primes produced comparable effects of semantic facilitation. These results are in line with the hypothesis that lexical items in different languages and pictures are processed by means of an amodal conceptual system. In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in bilingual or multilingual processing (see, e.g., Grosjean, 1982; Hornby, 1977;Snodgrass, 1984;Vaid, 1986), not only because learning to use more than one language is very common in real life, but also because it involves very complex cognitive activities. A fundamental research topic in this area concerns lexical processing by bilingual subjects. This topic is related to important theoretical issues of the nature of the lexicon(s) of the bilingual speaker and the relationship between the internal processing of a concept and its surface form.Recently, Kirsner, Smith, Lockhart, King, and Jain (1984) conducted a series of experiments to test different models of lexical representation and processing in bilingual speakers. The three major models tested were the word-association model, the word-interconnection model, and the concept-mediation model. lllustrations of these three models are shown in Figure 1. The word-association model proposes that translation equivalents in the two languages of a bilingual speaker are directly connected to each other. Semantically related words in a given language are also directly linked. However, semantically related words in the two languages are not directly connected, but rather indirectly connected through corresponding translation equivalents. The word-interconnection model postulates that all words in the two languages, including both translation equivalents and semantically related words, are directly connected to each other. The conceptmediation model, in contrast to the other two models, assumes that neither within-language nor between-language words are directly connected; rather, they are all linked

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Section: Hsuan-chih Chen and Man-la! Ng The Chinese University Of Honmentioning

confidence: 83%

Section: Hsuan-chih Chen and Man-la! Ng The Chinese University Of Honmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Hsuan-chih Chen and Man-la! Ng The Chinese University Of Honmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Semantic facilitation and translation priming effects in Chinese-English bilinguals

1989

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“…Durgunoglu & Roediger, 1987;Smith, 1991) and/or for lexical units/ processes (e.g. Gerard & Scarborough, 1989;Kirsner, Smith, Lockhart, King, & Jain, 1984). Language of presentation might be largely or completely irrelevant to the processing of meaning in most contexts, but emotional contexts are the exception to the rule.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emotionality in free recall: Language specificity in bilingual memory

Anooshian

Hertel

1994

Cognition & Emotion

168

160

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Bilingual subjects (Spanish/English) who had acquired fluency in their second language after 8 years of age rated 18 emotional and 18 neutral words for ease of pronunciation, implied activity, or emotionality; half of each type was presented in Spanish and half in English. During a subsequent, unexpected test of free recall subjects recalled more emotional than neutral words, but only for words that had been presented in the native language. This finding applied across native-language groups and suggests that emotion provides a basis for language specificity in bilingual memory.

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“…Support for a single conceptual store came from myriad results indicating cross-language semantic priming [12 -15]. Support for separate lexical stores came largely from the lack of any convincing evidence of crosslanguage repetition priming [14,16,17].…”

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confidence: 99%

Understanding bilingual memory: models and data

French

Jacquet

2004

Trends in Cognitive Sciences

126

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Bilingual memory research in the past decade and, particularly, in the past five years, has developed a range of sophisticated experimental, neuropsychological and computational techniques that have allowed researchers to begin to answer some of the major long-standing questions of the field. We explore bilingual memory along the lines of the conceptual division of language knowledge and organization, on the one hand, and the mechanisms that operate on that knowledge and organization, on the other. Various interactive-activation and connectionist models of bilingual memory that attempt to incorporate both organizational and operational considerations will serve to bridge these two divisions. Much progress has been made in recent years in bilingual memory research, which also serves to illuminate general (language-independent) memory processes.

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The bilingual lexicon: Language-specific units in an integrated network

Cited by 197 publications

References 22 publications

Semantic facilitation and translation priming effects in Chinese-English bilinguals

Semantic facilitation and translation priming effects in Chinese-English bilinguals

Emotionality in free recall: Language specificity in bilingual memory

Understanding bilingual memory: models and data

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