The Bio-Electrically Controlled Prosthesis

Abstract

1. A bio-electrically controlled limb for forearm amputees is described. 2. The technique of its use and its advantages are listed.

Prosthetic Myoelectric Control Strategies: A Clinical Perspective

“…Historically, the first electronically-driven hand prostheses were pioneered by Reinhold Reiter at the end of World War Two [7], followed by subsequent groups [8][9][10][11][12]. Uncomplicated in nature, these early myoelectric hands used EMG signals from either one or two muscle groups to determine an 'on' or 'off' state to control the myoelectric limb.…”

“…2a). The same technique could be applied to two opposing muscle groups, such as flexors and extensors, to control hand opening and closing [11]. Various thresholds can be used to determine which EMG activity is relevant and to discriminate from the background noise [13].…”

Development of a miniaturised hydraulic actuation system for artificial hands

“…One of the most advanced artificial prototypes was the Russian Hand [1] that was presented to the public at the world exposition in Brussels in 1959. However, it took another decade until the first EPPH was ready for series production.…”

Robustness and Reliability of Synergy-Based Myocontrol of a Multiple Degree of Freedom Robotic Arm

“…In particular, our approach modeled the th DOF as driven by the difference between the two activation signals related to the DOF, scaled by the multiplicative factor (11) 2) Muscle-Pair Control: As shown in Fig. 3, for each time instant, each DOF of the robotic arm was driven by the difference between the two EMG signals that corresponded to the muscles most involved in each of the two directions of articulation of the DOF ( and ), scaled by the multiplicative factor (12) In the Dynamic Protocol, muscle-pair control was an offline simulation run using exactly the same EMG signals recorded during the online synergy-based control phase. On the other hand, since visual feedback was needed for the proper achievement of the Isometric Protocol, muscle-pair control was tested online.…”

“…A simple control strategy is represented by two independent muscles controlling each single DOF [1], [11]. Due to its simplicity, this approach is generally adopted by available prostheses today [12], [13]. However, these systems are inherently limited since this strategy neglects information from multiple muscles acting on each DOF and simultaneous control of different DOFs can be achieved only if each muscle is involved in the activation of only one DOF (i.e., mono-articular muscles).…”