The bioactive contents and antioxidant activity of honey bee nest extract of Apis dorsata Binghami from the North Sulawesi

Abstract

Apis dorsata Binghami is a Sulawesi endemic honey bee. Apis dorsata Binghami cannot be bred, so it still lives wildlyin the forests of Sulawesi. However, Apis dorsata Binghami produces more honey, compared to all honey bee species. Furthermore, the diversity of plants as a source of nectar, pollen and plant resin, which is used in the formation of nests and honey is more, than all types of honey bees in the world. Ethnomedically, the Minahasa community has long used honeynest for degenerative diseases such as hyperlipidemia and cancer. Nevertheless, there have been no research reports on bioactive content and bioactivity of Apis dorsataBinghami nest extract. This research wasaimed to determinethe bioactive content of honey bee nest and to obtain the inhibitory concentration 50 (IC50) antioxidant activity of honey bee nest extractofApis dorsata Binghami. Honey bee nest was obtained directly from the forest of Minahasa peninsula, North Sulawesi, Indonesia. Extraction of fresh honey bee nest was conductedusingmaceration method. Bioactive content analysis was carried out by the Harborne method, followed by analysis using UV Vis spectrophotometer and High performance liquid chromatography. IC50antioxidant activity of honey bee nest extract was obtained using DPPH free radical reduction method. The results showed that Apis dorsata Binghami honey bee nest extract containedalkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, steroids and triterpenoids. Identified flavonoids displayed the highest phytochemical content. Based on the results of HPLC and UV Vis spectrophotometer analysis, there were 20 flavonoid derivatives found in honey bee nest samples in Minahasa. Ethanol extract and n-hexane extract showed high free radical reduction activity compared to vitamin C as a control treatment. However, ethanol extract produced the highest DPPH free radical reduction activity.

Mosquito Larvicides of Partial and Combinations Extract of Ethnobotanical Plant from North Sulawesi, Indonesia

“…Maceration was chosen because this Extraction provides time for the solvent to attract secondary metabolites in the Simplicia and is carried out at room temperature so that the compound is not damaged or its activity decreases due to exposure to high temperatures. The most important factors affecting the extraction results are solvent, plant samples, time and temperature 25,29 .…”

“…The purer the tannin, the less soluble it is in water and the easier it is to obtain it in crystalline form. The interaction of tannins with proteins is characteristic and depends on the structure of the tannins 48,25 . Some tannins have been shown to have an activity to inhibit reverse transcriptase and DNA topoisomerase enzymes 46 .…”

“…Plant extraction: Extraction has been done by the maceration method by Kaunang and Semuel 24 and Semuel et al 25 . The ratio of solvent and solute is 1:4 (250 g of plant extract is macerated in 1000 mL of solvent).…”

Antagonistic and Antibacterial Activity of Stapylocossus aureus and Isolates of Oral Bacteria from the Endogenous Fungus Apis dorsata Binghami Nest

“…Sejak zaman prasejarah manusia telah memanfaatkan produk metabolit sekundernya yang dihasilkan lebah madu seperti : madu, propolis, dan racun sebagai bahan pangan serta bahan obat-obatan (Semuel et al, 2017). Sebagai organisme pollinator, untuk setiap tahunnya spesies lebah madu menyerbuki lebih dari 70% tumbuhan berbunga serta sebanyak 6,1 miliar dollar pertanian menghasilkan produk dari penyerbukan lebah madu (Semuel, Sherly, et al, 2019).…”

Isolation, Identification and Antibacterial Testing, Indigenous Bacteria from Apis Mellifera's Honeycomb North Sumatra Origin

“…Apis mellifera adalah jenis lebah madu ternak monofloral atau madu yang berasal dari satu jenis tanaman (Soares et al, 2018). Sarang lebah adalah tempat perlindungan bagi koloni lebah dari serangan bakteri, jamur, virus maupun predator, serta sebagai tempat produksi madu, bee pollen tempat tumbuh kembang telur lebah (Semuel et al 2019). Sarang lebah dapat dijadikan sebagai sumber antibakteri, hal ini disebabkan adanya kandungan senyawa metabolit sekunder berupa flavonoid pada sarang lebah.…”