The Biochemical and Pharmacological Properties of Ozone: The Smell of Protection in Acute and Chronic Diseases

Abstract

Ozone therapy has been widely used in everyday clinical practice over the last few years, leading to significant clinical results in the treatment of herniated discs and pain management. Nevertheless, further studies have demonstrated its potential efficacy and safety under other clinical and experimental conditions. However, some of these studies showed controversial results regarding the safety and efficacy of ozone therapy, thus mining its potential use in an everyday clinical practice. To this regard, it should be considered that extensive literature review reported the use of ozone in a significant different dose range and with different delivery systems. The aim of the present review is to describe the various pharmacological effects of ozone in different organs and clinical conditions and to provide possible biochemical and molecular insights for ozone biological properties, thus providing a possible explanation for various controversial clinical outcomes described in the scientific literature.

Potential Cytoprotective Activity of Ozone Therapy in SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19

“…High doses of ozone induce the gene transcription of the pro-inflammatory cytokine, its receptor, and inflammatory proteins. At the same time, they invoke a negative regulation of type 1 Interferon and the response to viral infections pathways [79].…”

Olfactory-Related Quality of Life in Multiple Chemical Sensitivity: A Genetic-Acquired Factors Model

“…PON1 genes were associated with Gulf War Syndrome whose complaints of olfactory dysfunction are extensively shared with those of MCS [39]. On the other hand, the overlapping symptoms among MCS spectrum disorders have been found to possibly share some common pathogenetic features such as increased nitric oxide/peroxynitrite levels [57] and its consequences on the olfactory pathways [93]. In light of this, SOD2 genetic polymorphisms, which may be considered genetic determinants of MCS risk [40,[42][43][44]52], seem to be connected to the loss of efficiency of detoxification systems, disturbances of free radical/antioxidant homeostasis, and increased production of inflammatory cytokines [31,48,94].…”

“…In light of this, SOD2 genetic polymorphisms, which may be considered genetic determinants of MCS risk [40,[42][43][44]52], seem to be connected to the loss of efficiency of detoxification systems, disturbances of free radical/antioxidant homeostasis, and increased production of inflammatory cytokines [31,48,94]. Interestingly, it has also recently been reported that gene variants of NOS2 are associated with the alteration of NO levels in inflammatory bowel disorders, asthma, atopy, olfactory dysfunction, and migraine [57,93,95,96], all of which are comorbidities shared by environmental sensitivity illnesses [57].…”

Clinical Uses and Molecular Aspects of Ozone Therapy: A Review

“…Another RCT showed that the application of ozone on the gingival graft surgery site improved the patient's Or quality of life, as well as improved healing along with lower pain intensity (Taşdemir et al, 2016). Ozone, due to its antioxidant effect (Vanni et al, 2016), has had positive effects in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases, improving the patient's prognosis, such as increasing oxygenation in ischemic sites, as has been demonstrated by a RCT to be beneficial in coronary artery disease and heart failure (Martínez-Sánchez et al, 2012) and showed in a clinical trial to treat peripheral arterial disease (Coppola et al, 2002), besides, reviewed by Mauro et al (2019), ozone also showed to be beneficial in the prevention of ischemic damage in an in vitro experiment of ischemia (Frosini et al, 2012) and in a myocardial infarction animal model (Di Filippo et al, 2010). In chronic inflammatory diseases, the use of ozone therapy as an adjuvant has been shown to improve the reference treatment of back pain in patients studied under an RCT (Andrade et al, 2019;reviewed by Bocci et al, 2015).…”