The Biochemical Basis of Phagocytosis

Sbarra, Anthony J.; Karnovsky, Manfred L.

doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(18)70011-2

Cited by 1,086 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…The first non-mitochondrial consumption of O 2 has been observed in granulocytes in 1959 [26]. This has been attributed to high H 2 O 2 production during phagocytosis [27].…”

Section: Cellular Ros and Their Production 21 Generalitiesmentioning

confidence: 98%

Targeting Reactive Oxygen Species Metabolism to Induce Myeloma Cell Death

Caillot

Dakik

Mazurier

et al. 2021

Cancers

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Multiple myeloma (MM) is a common hematological disease characterized by the accumulation of clonal malignant plasma cells in the bone marrow. Over the past two decades, new therapeutic strategies have significantly improved the treatment outcome and patients survival. Nevertheless, most MM patients relapse underlying the need of new therapeutic approaches. Plasma cells are prone to produce large amounts of immunoglobulins causing the production of intracellular ROS. Although adapted to high level of ROS, MM cells die when exposed to drugs increasing ROS production either directly or by inhibiting antioxidant enzymes. In this review, we discuss the efficacy of ROS-generating drugs for inducing MM cell death and counteracting acquired drug resistance specifically toward proteasome inhibitors.

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“…The first non-mitochondrial consumption of O 2 has been observed in granulocytes in 1959 [26]. This has been attributed to high H 2 O 2 production during phagocytosis [27].…”

Section: Cellular Ros and Their Production 21 Generalitiesmentioning

confidence: 98%

Targeting Reactive Oxygen Species Metabolism to Induce Myeloma Cell Death

Caillot

Dakik

Mazurier

et al. 2021

Cancers

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“…Accumulating evidence showed that glycolysis not only regulates cell migration and exudation, but also plays an important role in cellular immune function. During the process of energy metabolism, the upregulation of key glycolytic genes and proteases and the accumulation of intermediate metabolites in immune cells affects the function of immune cells, including phagocytosis and killing of pathogens, release of antimicrobial substances and pro-inflammatory cytokines (12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17). A recent study has shown that mycobacterium tuberculosis infection promotes glycolysis in human alveolar macrophages (30,34).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Similarly, our results showed that the bacterial load in the MEC increased significantly after glycolysis inhibitor 2DG treatment, while pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-a and IL-1b significantly downregulated, indicating that glycolysis may promote S.pn clearance by enhancing the middle ear inflammatory response. Our previous studies showed that neutrophils are the main cells (>98%) involved in the clearance of S.pn during AOM (18), and neutrophils rely mainly on glucose via aerobic glycolysis to support ATP production and maintain bactericidal function (15,36). Accordingly, we evaluated the role of glycolysis in the phagocytosis and killing function of neutrophils in in vitro experiments.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As far as glucose metabolism is concerned, it was found that in macrophages and dendritic cells, Toll-like receptor (TLR) activation results in oxidative phosphorylation shifts to glycolysis (7,10,11). Furthermore, emerging evidence has shown that metabolic reprogramming in stimulated host immune cells was implicated in the regulation of innate immune function, such as phagocytosis, secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, recruitment of immune cells, and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) (12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17). Our previous studies have demonstrated that TLR2/4 activation plays crucial roles in the immune responses during AOM.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Glycolytic Metabolism Is Critical for the Innate Antibacterial Defense in Acute Streptococcus pneumoniae Otitis Media

Fan

Ma²,

Ai³

et al. 2021

Front. Immunol.

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ObjectiveStreptococcus pneumoniae (S.pn) is a common respiratory pathogen and a frequent cause of acute otitis media (AOM) in children. However, little is known about the immunometabolism during AOM. This study was to assess the presence of glucose metabolic reprogramming during AOM and its underlying mechanism affecting inflammatory response and middle ear injury.MethodsThe levels of glycolytic metabolism were evaluated by measuring the expression of glycolysis-related genes and the production of metabolites. HE stain, immunofluorescence, immunohistochemistry, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western blot were performed to measure the effect of glucose metabolic reprogramming on inflammatory response, pneumococcal clearance, hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF-1α) expression and cytokine secretion during AOM, respectively.ResultsThe analysis of microarray revealed an increase of the expression of glycolysis-related genes during S.pn–induced AOM, which was verified by real-time PCR. Increased glycolysis promoted the production of IL-1β and TNF-α and facilitated the clearance of S.pn by enhancing phagocytosis and killing capability of neutrophils, but also aggravated the middle ear injury. Furthermore, these pathogenic effects could be reversed after glycolytic inhibitor 2DG treatment. Additionally, HIF-1α was observed to involve in glycolytic metabolism during AOM.ConclusionS.pn infection induced increased glycolysis conversion during AOM, which promoted inflammatory responses and bacterial clearance, but also aggravated tissue damage.

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“…94 Perturbation of mitochondrial function was shown to greatly decrease the antimicrobial potency of inflammatory neutrophils, 92 although the role of mitochondria in the neutrophil-induced oxidative burst still remains debatable. 95,96 Mitochondria-targeted drugs decreased Nox2 levels, oxidative damage, and inflammation in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease. 97 Mitochondria-targeted apocynin, a nonspecific inhibitor of Nox2, attenuated Nox2 and oxidative/nitrative modification of proteins and inflammation in microglia.…”

Section: Net Cancer Metastasis and Immunosuppressionmentioning

confidence: 99%