The biochemistry and molecular biology of plant lipid biosynthesis

Slabas, Antoni R.; Fawcett, Tony

doi:10.1007/bf00015613

Cited by 158 publications

(69 citation statements)

References 135 publications

(131 reference statements)

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“…Subsequently, fatty acid synthase catalyzes the transfer of malonyl moiety to acyl carrier protein (ACP) by adding two carbons to the growing chain, leading to the formation of C16:0-and C18:0-ACP, which, upon chain elongation and desaturation reactions, can form a variety of fatty acid derivatives at the acyl chains. A major portion of acyl chains is then exported into the cytoplasm for the synthesis of complex lipids (Slabas and Fawcett, 1992;Ohlrogge and Browse, 1995;Harwood, 1996). Most enzymes of the fatty acid biosynthesis pathway have been biochemically characterized, and genes encoding most enzymes have been cloned from various species (Slabas and Fawcett, 1992;Ohlrogge and Browse, 1995;Harwood, 1996;Millar et al, 2000;Beisson et al, 2003).…”

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“…A major portion of acyl chains is then exported into the cytoplasm for the synthesis of complex lipids (Slabas and Fawcett, 1992;Ohlrogge and Browse, 1995;Harwood, 1996). Most enzymes of the fatty acid biosynthesis pathway have been biochemically characterized, and genes encoding most enzymes have been cloned from various species (Slabas and Fawcett, 1992;Ohlrogge and Browse, 1995;Harwood, 1996;Millar et al, 2000;Beisson et al, 2003). In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), the plastidial fatty acid synthetic pathway includes at least 24 enzymes or subunits, which are encoded by 46 nuclear genes and one plastidial gene, respectively (Beisson et al, 2003).…”

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LEAFY COTYLEDON1Is a Key Regulator of Fatty Acid Biosynthesis in Arabidopsis

et al. 2008

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In plants, fatty acids are de novo synthesized predominantly in plastids from acetyl-coenzyme A. Although fatty acid biosynthesis has been biochemically well studied, little is known about the regulatory mechanisms of the pathway. Here, we show that overexpression of the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) LEAFY COTYLEDON1 (LEC1) gene causes globally increased expression of fatty acid biosynthetic genes, which are involved in key reactions of condensation, chain elongation, and desaturation of fatty acid biosynthesis. In the plastidial fatty acid synthetic pathway, over 58% of known enzyme-coding genes are up-regulated in LEC1-overexpressing transgenic plants, including those encoding three subunits of acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase, a key enzyme controlling the fatty acid biosynthesis flux. Moreover, genes involved in glycolysis and lipid accumulation are also up-regulated. Consistent with these results, levels of major fatty acid species and lipids were substantially increased in the transgenic plants. Genetic analysis indicates that the LEC1 function is partially dependent on ABSCISIC ACID INSENSITIVE3, FUSCA3, and WRINKLED1 in the regulation of fatty acid biosynthesis. Moreover, a similar phenotype was observed in transgenic Arabidopsis plants overexpressing two LEC1-like genes of Brassica napus. These results suggest that LEC1 and LEC1-like genes act as key regulators to coordinate the expression of fatty acid biosynthetic genes, thereby representing promising targets for genetic improvement of oil production plants.

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LEAFY COTYLEDON1Is a Key Regulator of Fatty Acid Biosynthesis in Arabidopsis

et al. 2008

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“…The storage oil in seeds mainly consists of triacylglycerol (TAG) synthesized from glycerol-3-P and FAs (Slabas and Fawcett, 1992;Ohlrogge and Browse, 1995;Voelker and Kinney, 2001). In higher plants, biosynthesis of FA and lipids has been well characterized by biochemical and molecular studies (Slabas and Fawcett, 1992;Ohlrogge and Browse, 1995;Harwood, 1996;Beisson et al, 2003). FA is de novo synthesized mainly from acetyl-CoA catalyzed in plastids by a series of enzymes, of which acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase) and the FA synthase (FAS) multienzyme complex are the most critical enzymes.…”

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“…ACCase, a rate-limiting enzyme of FA synthesis, catalyzes the formation of malonyl-CoA from acetylCoA. Subsequently, FAS catalyzes the transfer of the malonyl moiety of malonyl-CoA to acyl-carrier protein (ACP) by adding two carbons to the growing chain, eventually resulting in the formation of C16:0 and C18:0 acyl-ACP, which are then released from the FAS complex and transferred into the cytoplasm (Slabas and Fawcett, 1992;Ohlrogge and Jaworski, 1997;Voelker and Kinney, 2001;Sasaki and Nagano, 2004). In the cytoplasm, FA dehydrogenase (FAD) catalyzes the formation of unsaturated FA, and FA elongase (FAE) sequentially adds two-carbon units to the growing acyl chain to form long-chain FAs.…”

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“…In the cytoplasm, FA dehydrogenase (FAD) catalyzes the formation of unsaturated FA, and FA elongase (FAE) sequentially adds two-carbon units to the growing acyl chain to form long-chain FAs. Finally, TAG synthesis is initiated in the endoplasmic reticulum by glycerol-3-P acyltransferase, and the reaction is sequentially completed by lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase and diacylglycerol acyltransferase ( Slabas and Fawcett, 1992;Ohlrogge and Browse, 1995;Voelker and Kinney, 2001).…”

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Enhanced Seed Oil Production in Canola by Conditional Expression of Brassica napus LEAFY COTYLEDON1 and LEC1-LIKE in Developing Seeds

et al. 2011

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The seed oil content in oilseed crops is a major selection trait to breeders. In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), LEAFY COTYLEDON1 (LEC1) and LEC1-LIKE (L1L) are key regulators of fatty acid biosynthesis. Overexpression of AtLEC1 and its orthologs in canola (Brassica napus), BnLEC1 and BnL1L, causes an increased fatty acid level in transgenic Arabidopsis plants, which, however, also show severe developmental abnormalities. Here, we use truncated napin A promoters, which retain the seed-specific expression pattern but with a reduced expression level, to drive the expression of BnLEC1 and BnL1L in transgenic canola. Conditional expression of BnLEC1 and BnL1L increases the seed oil content by 2% to 20% and has no detrimental effects on major agronomic traits. In the transgenic canola, expression of a subset of genes involved in fatty acid biosynthesis and glycolysis is up-regulated in developing seeds. Moreover, the BnLEC1 transgene enhances the expression of several genes involved in Suc synthesis and transport in developing seeds and the silique wall. Consistently, the accumulation of Suc and Fru is increased in developing seeds of the transgenic rapeseed, suggesting the increased carbon flux to fatty acid biosynthesis. These results demonstrate that BnLEC1 and BnL1L are reliable targets for genetic improvement of rapeseed in seed oil production.

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Structural homology of spinach acyl carrier protein andEscherichia coli acyl carrier protein based on NMR data

et al. 1997

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Acyl carrier proteins (ACPs) from spinach and from Escherichia coli have been used to demonstrate the utility of proton NMR for comparison of homologous structures. The structure of E. coli ACP had been previously determined and modeled as a rapid equilibrium among multiple conformational forms (Kim and Prestegard, Biochemistry 28:8792-8797, 1989). Spinach ACP showed two slowly exchanging forms and could be manipulated into one form for structural study. Here we compare this single form to postulated multiple forms of E. coli ACP using the limited amount of NOE data available for the spinach protein. A number of long-range NOE contacts were present between homologous residues in both spinach and E. coli ACP, suggesting tertiary structural homology. To allow a more definitive structural comparison, a method was developed to use spinach ACP NOE constraints to search for regions of structural divergence from two postulated forms of E. coli ACP. The homologous regions of the two protein sequences were aligned, additional distance constraints were extracted from the E. coli structure, and these were mapped onto the spinach sequence. These distance constraints were combined with experimental NOE constraints and a distance geometry simulated annealing protocol was used to test for compatibility of the constraints. All of the experimental spinach NOE constraints could be successfully combined with the E. coli data, confirming the general hypothesis of structural homology. A better fit was obtained with one form, suggesting a preferential stabilization of that form in the spinach case.

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The biochemistry and molecular biology of plant lipid biosynthesis

Cited by 158 publications

References 135 publications

LEAFY COTYLEDON1Is a Key Regulator of Fatty Acid Biosynthesis in Arabidopsis

LEAFY COTYLEDON1Is a Key Regulator of Fatty Acid Biosynthesis in Arabidopsis

Enhanced Seed Oil Production in Canola by Conditional Expression of Brassica napus LEAFY COTYLEDON1 and LEC1-LIKE in Developing Seeds

Structural homology of spinach acyl carrier protein andEscherichia coli acyl carrier protein based on NMR data

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